A Good Home - 1215 Words

â€Å"For most of my life all I have ever seen is boxes. Brown, dull and slightly soggy boxes. That day was no different, just another moving day. But this time, Tess swore to me that things would change, but these things seemed to happen every few months. As always the last of the boxes and myself were packed into the car, leaving only a small space for Tess in the drivers’ seat. â€Å"Adria, I promise that this will be the last time we have to do something like this. We’ll get you a good home.† Tess had said about halfway through our car ride. ‘Just like you promised last time, and the time before that.’ I wanted to say, but held my tongue at the time. I had lost sight of a ‘good home’ a long time ago. It had been years since I have had a ‘home’, I’ve only ever been in houses that were filled with drunks and drug addicts that somehow found themselves looking after a foster kid like me. My parents were the same from the little I remember about them, always sitting around, out of their own minds half the time or past out drunk on the floor. When I was about nine a social worker came to my house, and a few weeks later I was being move into foster care. Pulled away from my two little brothers who were placed with a family who moved to Western Australia. Tess, my social worker asked the family if they would take me as well, but they only wanted boys. I’m happy for them though; they were given to a nice family who have kept them in their homes for the past eight years, with goodShow MoreRelatedSporting Goods, The Home Of The Sporting Good Items1620 Words   |  7 PagesDicks Sporting goods, the home of the sporting good items in the Pittsburgh area. As I say that about Pittsburgh, from Cincinnati to here, there is a million more in this are than any other because it is also the head quarters for the company located in Coraopolis. Dicks is a sporting good retailor, holding a broad range of sporting good equipment, apparel and footwear. In the financial year 2015 the company recorded revenues of $6,814.5 million. This is a 9.7% increase since the 2014 year. TheRead MoreHome Schooling Is A Good Idea880 Words   |  4 Pages You may be asking yourself, how did home schooling begin? What was it like? Well, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s home schooling began to spark. A few parents question whether public or privat e school was right for their child. They were thinking they could do a better job. Well, what do you know; parents learned they could do a better job. However, some states, prohibited home schooling. If parents or guardians were home schooling, they could face jail time as well as losing their children to theRead MoreThe Good Doctor Back Home1488 Words   |  6 Pagesboys is precisely what you need!† Those were the exact words her father had given her right before he shipped her off here. Sure, being so far from home was a real treat indeed, but the Grand Isles of New Orleans brought more pain than they did anything else. Being this close to the ocean made her homesick for a place that was never hers to call home anyways. She knew remembering that marvelous land of magic and mayhem was almost as fruitless as remembering him and all he had taught her there. SheRead MoreBuying A Home Is A Good Decision?1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdecided you are ready to take the plunge into home ownership, now what? In today’s market, is investing in real estate still a good decision? Buying a home is a huge responsibility. The first thing someone needs to decide whether purchasing a home is right for them. People must evaluate their goals for the next thirty or so years and see if home ownership fits in with their goals. Are they tired of wasting all their money on rent? Or do they see home ownership proof of their independence? Some peopleRead MoreFinding A Good Home Loan Calculator Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesMost home improvement projects tend to stretch the wallets of the average homeowner, and so whether you are hiring a contractor or doing it yourself, you will need to use a home loan calculator to calculate the amount of a home improvement loan you will most likely need for your project. There are many online home loan calculators out there to help you estimate the cost of your project. Knowing how much the project will cost is only the first step, however, as home improvement projects have becomeRead MoreMy Experience At Home Enjoying Good984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe internet I will meet people from all over the world that I could not have met in any local place. Personally, I enjoy spending time at home enjoying good company with nice conversation, maybe watching some TV/movies or go bowling, I grew up out in the country so I have nothing against fishing or camping. I like to go out, have a good time, meet with some good company. I like to try to live life to the fullest to see what the day or night has in store. I really believe that there is the perfectRead MoreOld Age Home Is Good or Bad3827 Words   |  16 PagesTechnology-integration in Old Age Homes in India A Status Paper Sugan Bhatia, Ph.D. President Indian University Association for Continuing Education Delhi 1.1 The elderly (aged 60 years and above) in India account for more than 9 percent of the total population. The National Population Commission estimated that the population of the elderly is expected to grow from 71 million in 2001 to 173 million in 2026. This demographic scenario appears to indicate a very precarious condition for the older personsRead MoreBenefits Of Developing Good Home School Connections844 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several benefits to developing good home-school connections. When communication between parents and teachers are made, it has been found that students are more successful and happier (Jensen, 2006). By building home-school connections, teacher relationships with both students and parents improved (Stetson, Stetson, Sinclair Nix, 2012). Teachers can observe students outside of a school context, and parents can also view teachers from another perspective. F urthermore, knowing students Read More The anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will877 Words   |  4 PagesThe anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be examined with respect to color Flannery O’Conner – Color Connotations The anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be examined with respect to color connotation and imagery. This essay will discuss how colors affect the reader’s abstract senses and emotions. Colors are also used to suggest the nature of the piece and characters within. Various cultures perceive colors differently which Read MoreGood Will Hunting and Bell Hooks Keeping Close to Home Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagespicture Good Will Hunting and an essay by an author Bell Hooks entitled Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education. Both of these accounts tell of a struggle that the protagonist character in the story had to deal with. Each of these charters comes from similar backgrounds but one deals with emotional conflict while the other character deals with the problem of economic classification. In either way each of these selections both deal with the struggles of an higher education. In Good Will Hunting

Group Minds - 1068 Words

Brandon L. Locklear Deana Johnson ENG1050 July 9, 2012 Dismissing your own individual opinions to reach group consensus, now that’s negative peer pressure! Peer pressure will always be a problem and can affect anyone. I say that because no matter where you’re from or who you are, peer pressure is lurking about. Anytime you’re pressured to do something and your conscience is telling you not to do it, and you follow through with the task anyway, that is dismissing your opinion just to please other group members. Not wanting to be ostracized by others is the basis of conformity. Peer pressure doesn’t discriminate against race, nationality, or social class. It’s like a plague waiting to spread like wildfire throughout your school, your†¦show more content†¦Lessing pronounces â€Å"the majority in the group-according to instruction will assert stubbornly that these two shapes or lengths are the same length, or size, while the solitary individual, or the couple, who have been so instruc ted will assert that the pieces of wood or whatever are different.† I am completely on one-accord with Lessing’s example. Lessing demonstrates that the majority will intimidate the minority group and have the minority group strayed away from their opinion, hence conformity. That is typical human behavior and Lessing clearly proves her point. For example: Four people are determining whether or not the color of a flower is pink or fuchsia. The majority group says the flower is pink, while the minority group says the color is fuchsia. The majority group is stubborn, and refuses to accept that the color is fuchsia and insist that the color is pink; meanwhile, the minority group soon after conforms, leading up to the dismissal of their own individual opinion. In consequence, Lessing is a remarkable writer and role model. She demonstrates eye-opening evidence about typical human behavior. I predict that the negative effects of peer pressure will never change for the better unless; more people want to make a change. Creating organizations like â€Å"Live above the Influence† will always fight a never-ending battle, and they will continue to bring awareness to negative peer pressure.Show MoreRelatedGroup Mind869 Words   |  4 PagesThe Group Mind People change to the atmosphere. If you are with a friend you can watch how this attitude changes from when he is with you to when he is set in the group mind around other peers. You can also look at yourself. Humans act on their natural instincts and if you look at yourself and how you act when you are alone compared to how you act in the group mind setting, you will see that you almost dumb yourself down to a level that you think will help you fit in with your friends. If weRead More`` Group Minds `` By Doris Lessing881 Words   |  4 PagesDoris Lessing presents a discussion in â€Å"Group Minds† â€Å"regarding the context of obedience in group settings by shedding light on its most fundamental flaw, the â€Å"western image†. The western image is one of individualism, we are social creatures by nature.† â€Å"By socializing in groups we diminish the space for our individual growth by abiding by the ideologies of one group.† Lessing was a daughter of farmers born in Persia, present day Iran in the year 1919. Lessing’s educational journey started at aRead MoreThe Human Mind And Behavior As Individuals And Small Groups984 Words   |  4 PagesA. Unlike psychology which focuses on leaning the human mind and behavior as individuals and small groups, sociology is the course to study human social relations and the society itself. Sociology focuses on explaining societal behavior by studying how gender, race, social classes, religion, socioeconomic status, and sexuality can associate with the overall culture. Example of sociology, social stratification, sociology will lean about how social stratification is formed and how it divides the peopleRead MoreComparitive Critique of Doris Lessings article Group Minds and Solomon Aschs experiment.2130 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluences shape every persons practices, judgments, and beliefs. (Asch 306) In Opinions and Social Pressure, Solomon Asch examines how individuals tend to conform to a group or majority. He does this by explaining the results of his experiment that he devised to observe to what extent conformity occurs. In her essay titled Group Minds, Doris Lessing claims that as a society we have enough knowledge about conformity to do something about it, yet we choose not to. Although Doris Lessing and SolomonRead MoreVirtual Community Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagessharing activity. Facebook is one of many sites that lodges online community, and among many groups founded on Facebook, game group is one of most common ones. People who play the same game will gather together in the group for players who play the same game and share what they know, make guide, and discuss many things related to the game. When such group is created, this kind of group also naturally has their own style to identify themselves through their language. For exampleRead MoreWhy Groups Experience Conflict Within The Organization997 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s complex business environment managers and employees face many obstacles relating to working in groups on assigned projects in order to complete those projects that ultimately contribute to the bottom line, or enables the company to remain a competitive force within their assigned industry. There are many reasons as to why groups experience conflict but one business I want to highlight refers to conflict within the organizational structure. Organizational Structure According to RobbinsRead MoreCulture Is The Mind s Way Of Separating One Group Of People From Another ( Kawar )1087 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Culture can be defined into many definitions and it also can be separated into different types, all so that we can better understand it. Hofstede claimed that culture was the mind s way of separating one group of people from another (Kawar, 2012). Due to the technological advancements in the world people from all over are working together with new ways of communication. Though we must know the diversities of each culture in order to avoid being offensive, the same principles we useRead MoreThe Application of Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding in Elementary Math Instruction1440 Words   |  6 Pagesa teacher and learner not only focus on the skill but the social and cultural value of the skill which is imparted through praise and positive relationship building (Gordon and Browne,2004,P149). Additionally, students were seated in collaborative groups and conversation was not discouraged during the practice portion of each segment. This socialization allowed for formal and in formal support to be provided through peer interaction thus cultivating a stronger understanding of the concept though theirRead MoreHow My Leadership Project Went And The Pros And Cons Of Each Member Within My Group958 Words   |  4 Pageswill evaluate myself and the rest of my group on how overall our leadership project went and the pros and cons of each member within my group. The members of my group include myself, Michael Williams, Divya Reitz, Zack Benner, and Travis Geidroc. Reviewing and looking at how well each student worked individually will help show where things went wrong or went well throughout the planning of the leadership project. Not only will I evaluate each student in my group, but I also will review our full valueRead MoreNaomi1820 Words   |  8 PagesThis assessment opportunity is worth 20% of your final grade Collaborative Comic For this assignment, you are also welcome to create a short comic of your own. You may do this in a small group. Your comic should be in either black and white or in colour. Please consider the following for your group submission: âÅ"“ Your work is a minimum of two A4 pages (at the very least) if you are working manually. Your work must be saved as a PDF so that it can upload to SLATE, and be downloaded

Solar Cells theory Free Essays

The consumption of the products grew enormously and therefore it is not surprising that we characterise today society as a consumption society. Nevertheless, it has become evident at the end of the 20th century that the philosophy of human rogress that has manifested itself in a huge production and consumption of goods has a negative side too. It has been recognized that a massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to fulfil the present energy demands has a negative impact on the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Cells theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The deterioration of environment is a clear warning that the present realization of human progress has its limitations. The emerging international environmental consciousness was formulated in a concept of a sustainable human progress. The sustainable human progress is defined as: † to ensure that it sustainable development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†l . A new challenge has emerged at the end of the 20th century that represents a search for and a utilization of new and sustainable energy sources. The urge of this challenge is underlined by limited resources of the fossil fuels on the Earth and increasing demand for energy production. This is the reason why the attention is turning to the renewable energy sources. Energy is an essence of any human activity. When we are interested in how he human civilization has been producing and using energy, we can describe it in terms of an energy system. The main characteristics of the energy system are: the population, the total consumption of energy, and the sources and forms of energy that people use. The energy system at the beginning of the 21st century is characterised by six billion people that live on the Earth and the total energy consumption of approximately 1. 3 x 1010 kW. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press (1987). 1. 2 Primary energy sources Figure 1. 1 presents an overview of the present primary energy sources 2. The primary energy sources can be divided in two groups. The first group includes those energy sources that will be exhausted by exploiting them. These energy sources are called the depleting energy sources and they are the fossil fuels and nuclear energy. The fossil fuels and nuclear power are the main source of energy in todays energy system and they supply 78% of the energy demand. Under the assumption that the population of mankind does not change drastically and it consumes energy at the urrent level, the fossil fuel reserves will be exhausted within 320 years and the nuclear energy within 260 years. How to cite Solar Cells theory, Papers

The Crime-Terror Continuum

Question: Discuss about The Crime-Terror Continuum. Answer: Initial identification of the article: This review is done on the article titled The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism. The author of the article is Tamara Makarenko. The article was published in the journal named Global Crime, (Volume:6, Issue:1). It was published in February 2004. This particular article has made a discussion on the relationship between transnational organized crime and terrorism. A brief summary of the article: The author has dedicated this article to prove that terrorism and organized crime has a close nexus between them. The objective of the article can be described as exploring the potential relation and the possibility of convergence of the terrorists and the criminal organizations to be a singular entity. The article has discussed that this nexus is operating due to various motivational approaches. As opined by the author the nexus between the organized crime and terrorism The article has discussed that the theory of convergence and the popular black hole theory to discuss its central idea. As discussed by sociological theorists, the convergence theory talks about the potentiality of becoming one singular entity of two different societal entities because of their development and mutually mitigated necessitates. Here, in this context of organized crime and terrorism the author has mentioned that the convergence of the two groups is taking a shape that the ultimate aims and motivations of the organizations have actually changed. As described in the convergence theory, the author has provided a distinct identification. On the other hand, the author has also discussed the popular Black Hole Thesis for explaining the pattern and aspect of this convergence of these two distinctly directed groups. As clearly mentioned by various researchers, the black hole thesis describes two distinct but parallel situations[1]. One where the principal motivations of clusters involved in a civil war changes from a concentration on the political aspiration to the focus on criminal ambition; another, it talks about the emergence and development of a black hole state which is taken over by a group which is criminal cluster. Thus, the criminal groups which hold an ambition of significant political power is typically converging to the terrorist groups. With a number of examples of the criminal gangs and terrorist groups ranging from a diverse number of countries and sub-continents, the author has discussed that the terrorist groups are gradually changing the operational ambition due to the causes like, organizational management, contextual facility and global alteration in the economic as well as the technological aspect. A critical discussion: The author has described his central idea of a potential nexus and tendency of convergence between the terrorist and criminal group with the help of a number of real life examples of terrorist groups and the context of their emergence. With a very well structured way, the author has provided a few theoretical ideas that can be used to explain the essence of the article. Moreover, the author has made his point clear with help of an unambiguous lingual pattern. However, while critically defining the article it can be said that, it has tried to provide the idea that with the progress of time the two differently motivated groups are trying to come to a similar point with identical ambition. It has tried to set them in a same region of the fulcrum. However, as opined by the scholastic experts, the terrorist groups are mainly politically driven, whereas the organized crime group is typically characterized with the strong networking system[2]. The main ambition of the terrorist groups is to accumulate power where money is only a means to achieve it[3]. Most of the traditional studies have distinguished them two different entities. However, various scholars have stated, almost fifty years ago, an obvious dividing line was there between these two, which is continuously becoming blur[4]. As opined by the author of this article, the relation or the nexus between these two separate entities can be explained with the help of the Black Hole theory of terrorism. A number of scholastic articles can be found in support of this theory. The idea of entering the black whole is the weakening of a state and the loss of its sovereignty and lack of governmental collapse[5]. In such a context, the sate becomes the safe haven for the terrorist groups and organized criminals. The author himself, while discussing the alliance pattern of relation, has supported this very idea. As mentioned by the researchers in the related field with the collapsed state of government is becomes easier for the groups to co-ordinate and co-operate[6]. In addition to this, the empirical study report of the author has also described that the convergent theory can be discussed to identify the cause of the liaison between these two groups. It has provided the readers a clear idea for understanding the cause of the transition of the terrorist groups into the organized criminals. As supported by many authors in the modern world of capitalism and globalization, the criminal groups have concluded that to become economically powerful, it is crucial to hold the political authority[7]. On the other hand, as mentioned by various scholars with the advancement in the modern information technology, the terrorist groups have identified the importance of organized networks[8]. Various authors have supported this very idea. As described by them, the terrorist groups has been identified that an organized network helps largely to the successful implementation of their strategic planning. On the other hand, utilizing the modern information technology will also provide them organizational sustainability[9]. The idea provided by the author that the organized criminals have also found it crucial to be politically powerful to obtain a better management of their operation. In the articles of many scholars, the support of this idea can also be detected. With the explanation of the black hole theory, it can be said that the organized criminal groups and the terrorist organizations work hand in hand, when they find it easy to fulfil the mutual aspirations. Hence, it can be said that most of the scholastic articles have supported the idea of transitional hybridization of the terrorist and organizational criminal groups. The explanation of the two distinct socio-political theories has made this article strong enough to establish its points. Moreover, the empirical feature of the paper has made provided enough proof in support of the authors discussion. As mentioned previously, there were certain distinct differences in the outlook and operation of the terrorist and organized criminal groups. Traditional sociological researchers have mentioned it with great emphasis. However, as opined by the modern researchers they are typically converging for various reasons. A final evaluation: As opined by a number of researchers, with the recent turn of events, ranging from the collapse of the communism in Soviet Union to the recent dominance of Al-Qaida or ISIS, the two distinct organizations or organized crime and terrorists can be identified as a singular entity with identical ambitions[10]. This particular article can be described as a major contributor in the subject of criminology and the endeavour to explore the nature, status and pattern of the modern criminal world and terrorism. However, this particular article has discussed the pattern of terrorism under the light of the social theory of convergence and the Black Hole Theory. With these two theories, the author has made the cause of such transition and hybridization clear to the readers. A number of scholastic articles are supporting his discussion. Traditionally, the terrorist groups and the organized criminals were distinct in their identity. However, by reviewing a number of real life cases and scholastic li teratures it can be said that the future of terrorism is the hybrid transitional groups. References: Asongu, Simplice A., and Jacinta Nwachukwu. "Fighting terrorism: empirics on policy harmonization."African Governance and Development Institute WP/15/024(2015). Den Boer, Monica, and Irina Wiegand. "From Convergence to Deep Integration: Evaluating the Impact of EU Counter-Terrorism Strategies on Domestic Arenas."Intelligence and National Security30, no. 2-3 (2015): 377-401. Farah, Douglas.Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority. ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, 2012. Gallagher, Martin. "Modelling Entrepreneurial Endeavour in the Nexus between Terrorism and Organised Crime: Does Supporting Terrorism Present a Red Line in Organised Criminals Pursuit of Profit?."Exploring Criminal and Illegal Enterprise: New Perspectives on Research, Policy Practice (Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited5 (2015): 51-74. Kaya, Zeynep. "Building an Empire: Terrorism VS Organized Crime."International Relations3, no. 7 (2015): 448-458. Lizardo, Omar. "Defining and theorizing terrorism: A global actor-centered approach."Journal of World-Systems Research14, no. 2 (2015): 91-118. Martin, Gus.Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives, and issues. Sage Publications, 2015. Phillips, Matthew, and Emily Kamen. "Entering the black hole: The Taliban, terrorism, and organised crime."Journal of Terrorism Research5, no. 3 (2014). Rollins, John, and Liana Sun Wyler. "Terrorism and transnational crime: Foreign policy issues for Congress."Congressional Research Service19, no. 2 (2012). Sergi, Anna. "Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies: Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks."European Journal of Criminology(2015): 1477370815578196.

AP Essay

AP Essay AP Essay Amerika Gillett Per. 3 –AP English 4/1/14 2010 AP* English Language and Composition Free-Response Questions Question 3 A political cartoon is formed by allusion and caricature. They are the primary source that often intriguing and entertaining insights into the public mood, the under lying cultural assumptions of age and attitude towards current events. The content of political cartoons usually includes stereotypical highlights a particular viewpoint or idea using illustrations. The image can be humorous as well as informative, they can also be strategically and even serious. Cartoonists often use humor as a way to express their viewpoints in political cartoons. Society allows humorists to say things that other people cannot or will not say. For example, in one cartoon, which was brought to attention, had an image of President Barack Obama holding an image of him that said â€Å"hope† and a quote that said, â€Å"Maybe I’ll try again†. This image had a negative meaning behind it. The cartoonist was implying that President Obama has done nothing over his last term and he recognizes it. The cartoonist used that specific image to express his opinion on the decision of the President. â€Å" To convey with impunity messages that might be dangerous or impossible to state directly.† Societal contracts allow for political messages in ones humor if one wishes, but there is no imperative for a humorist does not wish to do so. In this day and age, arguing with society, people tent to laugh the most at was off limits for serious discussion. Being a humorist is also being a critic; many of the jokes are aimed at everyday life or group of people. ap essay ap essay The thesis of the American novel A History of the World in 6 Glasses is that certain popular beverages have affected far more than the health of people throughout history, but also their religious ceremonies, economic and political views, and social life. The author of the novel Tom Standage supports the subject that is written about and shows no analysis of disagreement with the thesis. Tom Standage is an author of 3 other novels, which are also historic analyses, which support his data and research provided in this particular novel. A History of the World in 6 Glasses is broken down into six segments, one for each drink, the first of which is beer. Man's first civilizations were established after the reception of cultivating and the training of cereal grains. This change in lifestyle helped the "rise of chairmen, copyists, and skilled workers." Next was wine, assumed a significant part in the prospering Greek and Roman societies. Wine launched inconceivable seaborne exchange, whic h spread their views on philosophy, governmental issues, and writing. The book brings up how these headways began and developed at formal Greek drinking gatherings. A History of the World in 6 Glasses provides various kinds of evidence to support the thesis that Standage created. The evidence provided supports the thesis and develops the theme of significance of the drinks mentioned in the novel. For example, beer was first made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 BC was so important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was being used to pay wages. In ancient Greece , wine became a main export, serving to spread Greek culture abroad. After the downfall of Rome, spirits such as brandy and rum, shuffling using a process devised by Arab alchemist , fueled the Age of Exploration , fortifying seamen on long voyages and oiling the pernicious slave trade. Coffee also originated in the Arab creation and went on to inspire scientific, financial and political revolutions in Europe during the A ge of Reason, when coffeehouse became the centers of intellect exchange. Finally, though carbonated drinks were invented in 18th-100 Europe they became a 20th-century phenomenon, and Coca-Cola in particular is the leading symbol of globalization. Standage introduces wine-colored through a word of early Hellene and Roman letters society. Wine is initially associated with mixer class as it was exotic and scarce, being expensive to transport without breakage. Wine conveyed power, prestige, and privilege. Wine then came to embody Hellene culture and became more widely available. It was used not only in the Symposium , the Greek drinking Party , but also medicinally to clean wound and as a safer drink than water. Roman farmers combined Greek influence with their own

Stigma, Discrimination And The Concept Of Social Exclusion The WritePass Journal

Stigma, Discrimination And The Concept Of Social Exclusion Abstract Stigma, Discrimination And The Concept Of Social Exclusion ). As noted by Goffman (1963), stigmatized individuals may accept the negative labels placed on them resulting in self-stigma which manifests in many ways including shame, self-hatred and self-isolation. Similarly, HIV/AIDs related stigma is reported to have severe implications on the stigmatized person. The onset of HIV and AIDS during the early 1980s triggered responses of stigma, fear, denial and discrimination which have, up-to date, been targeted at individuals perceived to be infected (UNESCO 2002). Such individuals become rejected not only by the community but also by their beloved ones. These individuals are also reported as having been denied access to health and education services on several instances. Research also shows that such individuals receive unfair treatment in the workplace. The root causes of stigma related to HIV/AIDS are fear and moral judgement (UNESCO 2002). HIV/AIDS pandemic is associated with fear of causal transmission of virus, fear of living with the virus, fear of loss of productivity, and imminent death (UNESCO 2002). Moral judgment is also considered as the root cause of the stigma. People infected with the disease are often seen as self-blaming, since the transmission of the pandemic is linked to stigmatized behaviour. HIV/AIDS-related stigma remains a barrier to effectively managing this epidemic. The fear of shame and discrimination prevents such infected individuals from seeking the much needed help and support, thereby making prevention and management extremely difficult. The feelings of shame, guilt and the fear of discrimination impedes an individuals willingness and ability to adopt preventive behaviours. This results in delayed help-seeking behaviours. Stigma still appears to be a major issue facing many employers and employees. There is increasing evidence of people being turned down for a job simply because they are infected with stigmatized illnesses. Others have also reported as having stopped looking for employment because they expect to be discriminated against. For example, a study led by Graham Thornicroft found over a third (34%) of the participants as having been shunned by people due to their mental illnesses (Thornicroft et.al, 2007). The study also found nearly a quarter (25%) of the participants as having stopped applying for work because they anticipated discrimination, and another 37% who were afraid of initiating close personal relationship due to fears of being discriminated against (Thornicroft et al., 2007). However, it was found that for those who anticipated discrimination, their experiences did not necessarily confirm this. Nearly half (47%) of those who had stopped looking for work and 45% of those that were afraid of initiating personal relationships because they anticipated discrimination did not in the actual sense experience this (Thornicroft et al., 2007). The study also found that 71% of the participants wished to conceal their illness, raising concerns about delayed help seeking behaviours due to fears of discrimination once their condition is disclosed (Thornicroft et al., 2007). Similarly, a recent survey on 500 leading employers in the UK conducted by SHAW Trust, showed that one in three employers thought that persons with mental illness were less reliable than the rest of the workforce (Thomas 2012). The survey also found that negative attitudes held by employees towards the mentally ill were a major barrier to employing individuals with mental illness. This indicates that stigma is still a major concern in the employment. Implications on policy and practice: There is a current policy spotlight on providing stigmatized individuals with greater employment support. This is largely due to emerging evidence of discrimination of stigmatized individuals in employment. It should be noted that some societies may increase the level of stigmatization through their laws, rules and policies. Legislations such as limitations on international travel and migration and those that include compulsory screening and testing tend to increase stigmatization and create a false sense of security concerns among individuals who may not necessarily be dangerous (EU report 2010). There is, however, a range of standards and policy initiatives which have been formulated to help address problems of stigmatization. The National Service Framework for Mental Health, for example, has incorporated standard services which must be adhered to including guidance on social inclusion, tackling stigma, and ensuring health promotion among those with mental illness (DFID 2007). There is also the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 which prohibits discrimination of disabled individuals in terms of employment, union membership and access to housing, health and education services (DFID 2007). The definition of disability is extended by the DDA 2005 to include people diagnosed with HIV. This implies that people with traits or attributes considered stigmatized are protected against discrimination in recruitment, training, promotion and from unfair dismissal. Such individuals are also protected against harassment and discrimination by colleagues in the workplace. However, despite these policy initiatives, it is apparent that stigma and discrimination is still an issue. For example, in the UK and the US, elaw and licensing practices are making it increasingly difficult for stigmatized individuals to be employed (Gonzalez 2012). Under the American with Disabilities Act, disabled persons can be denied a license especially where such a person poses a threat to others that cannot be reasonably eliminated (Gonzalez 2012). Also, a study by the HIV Law project on professional licensing practices in the US reported over 20 states with requirements that prohibit granting or renewal of license for persons with communicable or infectious diseases including HIV (Gonzalez 2012). Adding to this discriminatory licensing criterion, the study found that science based data was largely ignored, thereby promoting stigma and denying stigmatized individuals employment opportunities. A similar trend was evident in the UK especially when reforms were made to the job and benefit system with the aim of encouraging stigmatized individuals to re-enter the workforce (Gonzalez 2012). According to Laura Dunkeyson, a policy officer at the National AIDS trust, job applicants were often asked about their health status prior to the extension of an offer, which resulted in the exclusion of a number of persons from the workforce (Gonzalez 2012). Moreover, it was reported that, on application of a job by non-disabled and disabled individuals, the non-disabled persons were twice as likely to be invited for the interview as the disabled. Clearly, stigma still exists. However, popular views about mental illness and HIV/AIDS appear to be improving in term of less social rejection. According to a newly released research by Aviva (2012), over 28% of employees in the UK believe that the stigma associated with mental health problems has dropped. This is attributed to the increased awareness and public understanding of mental health issues. This shows that interventions that aim at improve public knowledge can effectively reduce the level of stigmatization. With improvement in public knowledge, people are more likely to recognize features of illnesses and become more supportive for those with such illnesses. Interventions to reduce stigma Efforts to reduce stigma have often been inhibited by the lack of public awareness and knowledge on issues contributing to the stigmatization of persons. Efforts to address stigma have also been inhibited by the lack of incentives/benefits for taking action (DFID 2007). Adding to this, stigma has been perceived as culturally specific and complicated to address (DFID 2007). The following are some important steps that might be taken to address the issue of stigmatization in employment: Stigmatized individuals could be provided with employment initiatives such as individual placement and support interventions (IPS) which is more effective than the traditional rehabilitation schemes (Pinfold 2003). Promote awareness of anti-discrimination legislation in the public (Grove 2012). Promote social inclusion through strengthening efforts to overcoming administrative, legal and societal barriers that prevent stigmatized individuals from enjoying equal and full participation (EU report 2010). Education also plays a major role in addressing stigma and discrimination in the society. It plays a key role of lessening the stigma and can affect change where the law has failed such as changing societal attitudes (Knifton 2010). Supporting meaningful participation of stigmatized individuals in national planning and policy making as well as in other processes (DFID 2012). The government also has a key role to play alongside law reform and national human rights commissions. They may condemn stigma and discrimination both in employment and in the community Ensure promotion and protection of human rights in institutional settings Challenge/address discrimination at workplaces Ensure policy dialogue and policy reform where necessary Increase interaction with stigmatized individuals to help build their confidence and increase their self-esteem Ensure strengthening and building capacity of individuals with stigmatized illnesses through skill building, training and counseling, network building, and income generation (DFID 2012). Ensure interactive and participatory education. This is highly effective as it fosters greater understanding of stigma and allows people to reflect on their attitudes and actions, thereby catalyzing individual change around stigma (DFID 2012). Advocate for policies that promote and facilitate effective rights based approach to addressing stigma related issues. There is also the need to stop mandatory testing except for limited purposes such as blood donations, court orders and epidemiological research. In addition, there is need for the government to emphasize on the rights of privacy of test results, given the recent changes in law in UK which allows insurance companies the right to know test results. Conclusion Stigmatization remains a major issue facing both the employers and employees. People can be stigmatized based on their race, beliefs, obesity, AIDs and even based on their mental health. Stigma has a dramatic, though under recognized effect on the life opportunities of stigmatized individuals including employment opportunities, access to education, health and housing. Efforts to reducing stigma have often been inhibited by the lack of public awareness and knowledge, lack of incentives/benefits for taking action, and the widely held view that stigma is complex to address. However, a few of initiatives appear to be reducing the level of stigmatization. According to a newly released research, popular views about mental illness and HIV/AIDS appear to be improving in term of less social rejection. This has been attributed to the increased awareness and public understanding of mental health issues While there is a voluminous literature exploring the publics perception of stigma, there is need for further research to explore these peoples experiences, the impact on their lives, and ways to addressing these issues. This could help shape interventions and policies for improved legislation. Reference Berzins K.M., Petch A. Atkinson J.M., 2003. â€Å"Prevalence and experience of harassment of people with mental health problems living in the community†. British Journal of Psychiatry 183 (12) 526–533. Briggs, E., 2007. Reducing HIV stigma within the workplace. Brockington I., Hall P., Levings J. Murphy C., 1993. â€Å"The community’s tolerance of the mentally ill†. British Journal of Psychiatry 162 (1) 93–99. Brohan, E. and G. Thornicroft, 2010. â€Å"Stigma and discrimination of mental health problems: workplace implications†. Occupational medicine, vol.60 (6, pp. 414-415 Chevannes B., 1998. Rastafari and other African-Caribbean Worldviews. Rutgers University Press; New Jersey. Crisp A., Gelder M., Rix S., Meltzer H. Rowlands O., 2000. â€Å"Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses†. British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (7) 4–7. Department for International Development (DFID), 2007. Taking action against HIV stigma and discrimination. DFID EU report, 2010. Promoting social inclusion and combating stigma for better mental health and well-being. European Communities Gale E., Seymour L., Crepaz-Keay D., Gibbons M., Farmer P. Pinfold V., 2004. Scoping Review on Mental Health Anti-stigma and Discrimination – Current activities and what works. Leeds: National Institute for Mental Health in England. Goffman, E., 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon Schuster Inc. Gonzalez, C., 2012. HIV employment discrimination still an issue in US, UK. AIDSMEDS [viewed on 27th December 2012] available from aidsmeds.com/articles/hiv_employment_discrimination_1667_22733.shtml Grove, B., 2012. Overcoming stigma and discrimination in the workplace what does the evidence tell us? Centre for Mental Health Knifton, L., 2010. â€Å"Workplace interventions can reduce stigma. In: Mental health, training, education and practice†. Journal of public mental health, vol.7 (4). Brighton Ltd. Link B.G. Phelan J.C., 2001. â€Å"Conceptualising Stigma†. American Sociological Review 27 363–385. MacLean, L., Edwards, N., Gerrard, M., Sims-Jones, N., Clinton, K. and L. Ashley, 2009. Obesity, stigma and public health planning. Health Promotion International Parle, S., 2012. â€Å"How does discrimination affect people with mental illness?† Nursing Times; 108: 28, 12-14 Phelan, J. and Link, B., 2006. Stigma and its public health implications. Mailman School of Public Health, New York. Phelan J.C., Link B.G., Stueve A., Pescosolido B., 2000. â€Å"Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared.† Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41:188-207. Pinfold, V., 2003. Reducing stigma and discrimination: what works? Showcasing examples of best practices of anti-discrimination projects in mental health. Read, J. Baker, S., 1996. Not just Sticks and Stones: A survey of stigma, taboos and discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems. London: Mind. Stafford, M.C., Scott, R.R., 1986. â€Å"Stigma deviance and social control: Some conceptual issues.† in The Dilemma of Difference, edited by S. C. Ainlay, G. Becker, and L. M. Coleman. New York: Plenum Thomas, O., 2012. Depression stigma stops people getting and keeping a job. [viewed on 27th December 2012] available from wsandb.co.uk/wsb/news/2218175/depression-stigma-stops-people-getting-and-keeping-a-job Thornicroft, G., Szmukler, G., and K. T. Mueser (Eds.), 2011. Oxford textbook of community mental health. Oxford University Press, USA. Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., and A. Kassam, 2007. â€Å"Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination†. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190: 192-193 Thornicroft, G., 2006. Shunned: Discrimination against People with Mental Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. UNAIDS, 2000, HIV-related stigma, discrimination and human rights violations. UNAIDS UNESCO, 2002. HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination: an anthropological approach. UNESCO/UNAIDS research project. Weiss, M.G., and Ramakrishna, J., 2004. Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions. Amsterdam Whitley, R., 2005. Stigma and the social dynamics of exclusion. Research and practice in social sciences, vol.1 (1), pp.90-95 Wood, k. and P. Aggleton, 2010. Stigma, discrimination and human rights. Thomas Coram Research Unit Institute of Education, University of London. World Health Organization, 2001. The World Health Report 2001 – Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: WHO.

Manager Leadship Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manager Leadship Styles - Essay Example Distortions such as stereotypes can negatively impact a person’s perception of a leader. The values of the employees affect the corporate culture of the enterprise. Leaders are people that must demonstrate good values and complete dedication towards the company. The shared system of values, shared action and beliefs that develops within an organization through the passage to is referred to as its corporate culture. The leader of a company influences the culture of the firm. The attitudes of the employees must be evaluated by the leader in order to create ways to influence their behavior. The leadership of a manager is important because the style that the leader chooses must be effective at influencing the group. Three leadership styles that can use by managers are transactional, transformational, and charismatic leadership. A charismatic leadership style involves leader-follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance agreed upon between the leader and the follow er (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). Transactional leadership is a leadership style that is well suited for application in the healthcare field. In hospital setting nurses and other workers need precise instruction from their superiors on what to do. The work of workers in the healthcare field is extremely because it can save lives.

Strategy in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategy in practice - Essay Example At this point emphasis should be made to the following fact: the strategy is not set by any member of the organization; it can be only defined by the organization’s leader (De Wit and Meyer 2010, p.502). Of course, other members of the organization, such as line managers, can have a role in the formulation of organization strategy but this role is limited, usually referring to the provision of information for the performance/ problems of their unit (De Wit and Meyer 2010, p.502). When setting the strategy of the organization leaders can take into consideration the comments of employees in various organizational departments; these comments can affect the organization’s strategy only at the level that the leader of the organization will decide (De Wit and Meyer 2010, p.502). The most important characteristic of strategy is the following: it refers to ‘all functions and parts of the organization’ (Toma 2010, p.16-17). Nestle was first established in Switzerland in 1866 (Nestle, Organizational website, History). Through the decades the company has managed to expand globally, a strategy that has been followed by the increase of the business objectives/ areas of operations. Indeed, in 1866 Nestle has been solely a milk factory; today the business is considered as one of the leaders in the food industry in general (Nestle, Organizational website, History). The strategy of Nestle is incorporated in a graph presented through the organizational website (Figure 1, Appendices). According to the particular graph the strategy of Nestle is divided into three parts (Organizational website, Strategy): a) the firm’s Competitive Advantages; the R&D department of the organization and its extended portfolio of brands are considered as the firm’s major advantages, b) the Growth Drivers: in this category emphasis is given to the firm’s reputation as a firm promoting health through its high-quality food products. At the same

Research paper about finish line company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About finish line company - Research Paper Example It began in 1976 as a partnership between Cohen and Klapper for a ten-year franchise of Athlete’s Foot, an established sports footwear retailer (The Finish Line Inc.). Learning from the franchise experience, the partners opened their own line of sports footwear retail to compete with Athlete’s Foot by offering a wider variety of stocks displayed in bigger stores, as well as offering value brands and affordable lines well-suited in their store locations at less-expensive strip malls. The positioning proved effective as the next ten-years would see growth of the company by opening up more stores with bigger areas while ending the franchise with Athlete’s Foot. To support the growth, two more partners were brought in with sportswear retail experience: Larry Sablonsky and David Fagin (The Finish Line Inc.). The next 20 years saw the growth of the company by overtaking Athlete’s Foot and other competitors in the sports and active wear retail segment as well as becoming a publicly listed company whose shares continue to perform well within its segment. Finish Line’s mission according to the website is to â€Å"connect to young, fashion conscious individuals through a premium brand environment offering the best selection of authentic, sport inspired products† (1). The company offers premium brands that provide dependable quality and leading styles in active wear. Finish Line categorizes its products into footwear and softgoods. As of 2009 annual report, 81% of net sales of Finish Line Inc. came from the footwear category (Lyon and Schneider 3). They carry brands such as Nike, Adidas, Puma, Jordan, Under Armour and New Balance along with sport style brands including Lacoste, Converse, Ed Hardy and Sperry. Softgoods category carries non-footwear products. Recent additions to the company’s line of products are offered through the Paiva store chain offering brands like Tella, McCartney, Brooks, Ellesse, etc., focusing on women

Care of a Confused Parent

Care of a Confused Parent I N T R O D U C T I O N The first FETAC Level 5 Assignment in Care Skills module requires that learners produce an assignment on the care of a confused person. This confusion can be the result of any number of causes – from an illness such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease or the long term use or an abuse of drugs and /or alcohol. The assignment must be completed answering very specific points (as outlined in the table of contents). This assignment was compiled using various methodologies including: Classroom lectures and feedback sessions Class notes and Manual, hard copy manuals and books One to one sessions with Work Experience Skills Coach Previous life experience of caring for an ill family member Online research and library research For the purpose of this assignment the author has decided to highlight one particular client who is in the Nursing Home in which the author is completing her work experience module. The clients name has been changed in order to respect her rights to privacy and dignity. The client in this example has been diagnosed with Stage 4 Lung Cancer (T4, N3) which denotes that she suffers from a malignant tumour which has invaded the oesophagus, epicardium, pleural cavity, T5 and T6 vertebrae with Metastasis to the supraclavicular lymph node. She also suffers from osteoarthritis of L2-L5 and S1-S5, Type 2 Diabetes and Psoriasis. She is currently on a variety of medications which are listed in her Care Plan, along with creams and ointments for the Psoriasis. Presently she suffers from severe bouts of confusion as a result of her pain medications and needs constant monitoring and care. In conjunction with her family, and a multi-disciplinary team Catherine has decided to move to a Nursing Home where she will receive the type of holistic care she requires. Catherine has also documented her specific wishes regarding her death and funeral arrangements and all of which has to be respected by all involved, the details are listed in her Care Plan along with the emergency contact details if her condition should suddenly decline. INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT Initial assessment of Catherine’s needs using the Logan Roper Tierney model of assessment an individualised, client-centred holistic approach to Catherine’s care has been devised. Physical Catherine loves the outdoors and she should be encouraged to continue this through gardening – taking her out for walks, especially during spells of confusion. Ensure she has her walking stick and bring the wheelchair as she gets breathless very easily. Shower rails and chair must be available in her room and always ensure that the non-slip mat is on the ground. When she is confused she forgets how to wash herself properly and will need assistance. Intellectual Catherine loves to read and complete quizzes and cross words – these are very good for stimulation and they should be made available to her in her room and in the day room. The news and primetime are two of her favourite programs – ensure that they are on the TV in her room and the day room. Diversional therapy of card games and jigsaws are great for completing when she is confused. Emotional As a result of the illness and her pending death Catherine can become depressed – she must be encouraged, made feel wanted loved, needed and always try to support her decision to move into the nursing home Social/Spiritual Socially, Catherine has a lot of friends with whom she plays cards – they are going to come visit her once a week to continue this tradition, the other residents should be encouraged to join in also as it will help integrate her more. Her large family of 8 children and 63 grand-children/great-grand-children/great-great grand-children all visit her when she is at home and will continue to do so. It is amazing the Catherine remembers all their names and dates of birth – during spells of confusion though she does tend to forget them a little. Catherine is very religious and attends mass every Sunday when she is well – the angelus must be said at 12pm and 6pm and the rosary at 9pm. I D E N T I F Y T H E L E V E L O F A S S I S T A N C E R E Q U I R E D Catherine has very low level needs when she is not confused. She needs help sitting up in the bed and cannot use the remote control as her fingers are very badly damaged from the arthritis and as such will need assistance getting out of bed. She cannot manage small buttons when dressing and most days she just wears t-shirts but on Sundays she wishes to wear a blouse going to mass and will need assistance with that. Catherine dose not wear dentures and is on a chopped diet for now, she can manage to use cutlery but prefers to use a spoon. When she is confused she forgets when to eat and sometimes forgets that she has eaten so she will need monitoring when eating rather than assistance. MAINTAINING A SAFE ENVIRONMENT During confused spells Catherine likes to walk and as such walkways will have to be completely compliant with the Health and Safety Regulations for care as set out by the Health and Safety Authority. (HSA.ie, 2014) It would also be a good intervention to ensure that her walking aid is always within arm’s reach and that her shoes/slippers have rubber soles and are well maintained. For showering, the shower stool must be readily available and ensure that the hand rails are well maintained. The toilet in her room has a raised toilet seat and rail which must be cleaned and maintained regularly. Catherine will also use a commode, but when she is confused does not realise where she is when trying to urinate therefore she should be encouraged to go to the bathroom to protect her dignity. When going on outings with her family Catherine’s wheelchair must accompany her always and kept well maintained and ensure the wheels are pumped. PROMOTE CLIENT INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL EVENTS AND THERAPIES Catherine likes to play cards therefore she would enjoy it as part of the available diversional therapies. The HCA can have table quizzes added to the curriculum of activities by the activities co coordinator and help her participate by writing the answers to the questions and holding the cards – when she is confused one to one games such as Patience or Snap are very helpful. Catherine is quite a sociable person and will have loads of visitors – they will help to integrate her with the other residents and they play cards, tell stories, Irish dancing and play music some days she wishes not to have any visitors or participate in activities – in order to keep her from this depression the HCA could encourage her to attend the card game or maybe say some prayers with her as her strong beliefs will help to alleviate the depression. Catherine has refused to attend the Cuisle Centre in Portlaoise which has numerous activities and therapies available to cancer sufferers. The HCA could bring her more information on the services provided and explain what they are in detail and answer any questions she may have in order to encourage her to attend. They offer a Gardening Therapy workshop each week which would really benefit her along with the CranioSacral therapy and Holistic Massage would be beneficial for her also and she should be encouraged to go by bringing her down to the centre and having a talk with other clients that attend. (Cuisle Centre, Cancer Support Centre Laois, Cancer Support Portlaoise, 2014) MOBILITY INDLUDING FALLS AND PRESSURE AREA CARE FALLS The results from the Morse Falls Assessment in Catherine’s Care Plan show that on non-confused days she is at low risk, but during spells of confusion she is moderate risk and as such – should be encouraged to walk around more during lucid days and be accompanied outdoors for short walks if her breathing allows – allow her to push the wheelchair for a while will help and support her. The activities co-ordinator has a great curriculum for mobility and Catherine should be encouraged to participate in order to help keep her arms active. PRESURE AREA CARE As Catherine suffers from Psoriasis she is even more susceptible to pressure sore development. Her skin should be cared for as per her prescribed treatment – creams and lotions to be applied daily. At the moment she is fairly mobile and does not remain in the one spot for too long – if she suffers bad pain during the day she tends to stay in bed and will need assistance turning and should be encouraged to do so – a second HCA may be needed for this as she has had two hip replacements which have to be cared for also – a hoist may be needed on occasion. Gel cushions should be used when she is playing cards with friends as she could be in the one position for hours, to break this she should be encouraged to get up and walk around every hour – even if for a few minutes. EFFECTIVE VERBAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION WITH CLIENT AND HEALTHCARE TEAM Catherine has to attend various appointments for scans and pain medication updates. Any new developments need to be explained in full to her so she can make an informed decision as to what course of action she wants to pursue. Catherine must be kept informed at all times of any changes in her condition and has requested that she be told first so she can decide whether to tell her family. She has stated during meetings regarding her funeral wishes but may want to change these so ensure any changes are documented. All daily charts are to be kept updated immediately and inform the staff nurse of any noted changes in her condition at handover. As her cancer is rapid and fast progressing Catherine’s condition can and will change on a daily basis therefore food and fluid charts are vital. At the moment she is normal on the M.U.S.T scale, but as she tends not to eat when in pain this has to be carefully monitored and reported if she is refusing food or fluids. ASSIST CLIENT WITH ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Mobility Assistance Catherine needs assistance when getting in and out of bed. She can sometimes sit up on her own but during spells of confusion she forgets how to stand up and should be encouraged and supported to do it herself as long as possible without the aid of a hoist. She may also need assistance getting in and out of the shower and needs her hair to be washed as she can no longer raise her arms above elbow height. If the weather if favourable Catherine likes to go outside – she should be accompanied and ensure her wheelchair is in good working order. Allow her to walk as much as she can pushing the wheelchair but ensure she does not get too tired – encourage her to get into the wheelchair and continue until she wishes to return. Catherine’s pain medication is prescribed by the GP and monitored by the Palliative Care team. She has certain pain killers that are available to her without the nurses supervision – please record when and what she is taking and report it back to the nurse for monitoring. At the moment Catherine is normal on the M.U.S.T scale and we have to endeavour to keep her that way – she is on a chopped diet but needs to be monitored as the tumour is pressing on her oesophagus – it could cause a choking hazard – any noted changes to her swallow must be reported back to the nurse for further investigation by the MDT. When she is confused Catherine needs assistance eating as she forgets how to use the cutlery. PROMOTE THE RIGHTS OF THE CLIENT TO DIGNITY, PRIVACY, INDEPENDENCE, POSITIVE SELF IMAGE As Catherine is very self-conscious about her body – every effort must be made to give her as much privacy as possible when dressing and showering. She will need assistance dressing on occasion especially when she is confused as she gets the order of clothing mixed up. The HCA can discuss her wishes with her and come to an arrangement regarding the assistance she requires. Catherine is very independent and likes to take her own medications and feed herself. She has expressed her wishes numerous times to all her family and multidisciplinary team regarding her funeral wishes and insists that she not be left alone from now on and even when she passes she does not want to be alone until she is buried with her husband. Catherine needs to feel in control of the disease and wants to be informed if there is any changes being made to her medications or if the multidisciplinary team think that she is declining in any way regardless of the news make sure she is kept informed and involved in all decisions – it is best practice to inform Catherine first and let her decide when and how much information he and the rest of the family is to be told. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.upledgerclinic.com/conditions_symptoms.html http://www.cuislecentre.com/therapies/ http://www.ahrq.gov/legacy/research/ltc/fallpxtoolkit/fallpxtool3h.htm http://www.clinicaloncologyonline.net/article/S0936-6555(08)00451-2/abstract http://www.nurse2nurse.ie/Upload/NA6762article.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059769 http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/end-of-life-care-pro REFERENCES Cuisle Centre, Cancer Support Centre Laois, Cancer Support Portlaoise, (2014). Therapies Cuisle Centre, Cancer Support Centre Laois, Cancer Support Portlaoise. [online] Available at: http://www.cuislecentre.com/therapies/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2014]. Knott, D. (2014). End of Life Care | Doctor | Patient.co.uk. [online] Patient.co.uk. Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/end-of-life-care-pro [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. 1

Hero In Myth and Film :: essays papers

Hero In Myth and Film " †¦and he saved the day, got his girl and everyone lived happily ever after." Sweet, short, cut and dry, that was the typical ending of our childhood books and early movies. There was the perfect hero and the bad villain. That was in the pre-modern era, now our hero isn’t always perfect and has his flaws. The hero in today’s movies needs these flaws and needs to travel through a combination of paths to become a hero. In order to sell movies which decide who a hero is in today’s society. A hero in today’s society needs to admit that he needs help and isn’t superman, he needs to have problems and prove that he doesn’t belong up on a pedestal where his image is totally unattainable, third he needs to travel one of the paths of a hero according to Seger. Bruce Willis plays the character John McClain in the trilogy Die Hard, he is a good example of a hero in America today. In the third movie, McClain takes on a partner to help him fight a mad bomber. This is different from the movies from the past, James Bond or John Wayne never needed help. The partner he picks is a inner city black man, in the fifties this never would have happened. The fact that he picks a black man incorporates some multicultural aspects into the movie. The fact that he picks a partner shows some post modern aspects of Hollywood. Both of these facts help sell movies and help define a hero in America today. Another aspect that makes McClain a post modern hero in America is the fact that he to has problems, James Bond was never like this, he always had a woman by his side, or falling at his feet. People held this man in high esteem, because he was perfect. However in real life blond bimbos at your feet don’t happen all the time. Post modern heroes have problems McClain even though he is out saving lives and helping people his wife wants a divorce. People can relate better to John McClain because we all have problems besides the bad guys. The hero today isn’t so perfect and people are able to relate to him more easily. The travel of a hero from an average guy to a hero via the myths defined by Seger is also another determining factor in what a hero is today. Hero In Myth and Film :: essays papers Hero In Myth and Film " †¦and he saved the day, got his girl and everyone lived happily ever after." Sweet, short, cut and dry, that was the typical ending of our childhood books and early movies. There was the perfect hero and the bad villain. That was in the pre-modern era, now our hero isn’t always perfect and has his flaws. The hero in today’s movies needs these flaws and needs to travel through a combination of paths to become a hero. In order to sell movies which decide who a hero is in today’s society. A hero in today’s society needs to admit that he needs help and isn’t superman, he needs to have problems and prove that he doesn’t belong up on a pedestal where his image is totally unattainable, third he needs to travel one of the paths of a hero according to Seger. Bruce Willis plays the character John McClain in the trilogy Die Hard, he is a good example of a hero in America today. In the third movie, McClain takes on a partner to help him fight a mad bomber. This is different from the movies from the past, James Bond or John Wayne never needed help. The partner he picks is a inner city black man, in the fifties this never would have happened. The fact that he picks a black man incorporates some multicultural aspects into the movie. The fact that he picks a partner shows some post modern aspects of Hollywood. Both of these facts help sell movies and help define a hero in America today. Another aspect that makes McClain a post modern hero in America is the fact that he to has problems, James Bond was never like this, he always had a woman by his side, or falling at his feet. People held this man in high esteem, because he was perfect. However in real life blond bimbos at your feet don’t happen all the time. Post modern heroes have problems McClain even though he is out saving lives and helping people his wife wants a divorce. People can relate better to John McClain because we all have problems besides the bad guys. The hero today isn’t so perfect and people are able to relate to him more easily. The travel of a hero from an average guy to a hero via the myths defined by Seger is also another determining factor in what a hero is today.

Romanticism in Friedrich’s “The Monk by the Sea”

Darkness, emotions, and mysticism—these are just some of the terms that can be used to describe Friedrich’s â€Å"The Monk by the Sea. † Produced in 1809, this oil on canvass ideally characterizes the period to which the artist belongs: the Romanticism. With its subject, color, style, and theme, the artist successfully evokes the main tenets common during the Romantic Age. Formalist and thematic analyses of the work can lead modern viewers to a better understanding of the work and the message that the artist wants to convey. Brief Background Caspar David Friedrich was a German painter born in 1774 in Greifswald, Germany. Despite poverty, the artist received formal art study from artist Johann Gottfried Quistorp, who conducted art sessions outdoors. Exposure to the local color and environment thus helped the artist master the art of landscape. His paintings, which generally reveal tenets of the Romantic Age, make him â€Å"one of the most important artists during his time. † (Vaughan, 1972, 65). Particularly, as Murray (2004, 338) notes, his landscapes direct â€Å"the viewer's gaze towards†¦ metaphysical dimension†. His seascape titled, â€Å"Monk by the Sea† won admiration even from the 15-year-old King Frederick III Wilhelm of Prussia, whose purchase in 1810 declared the artist’s work as his masterpiece. Analysis of Form A formalist analysis of the painting suggests the artist’s overall craftsmanship. Minimalism best defines the style that the artist employed in his work. Basically, the image of the monk, which appears very minimal and solitary, helps achieve emphasis on the subject. The minimalist use of a variety of colors for the whole background readily implies the contrast between darkness and light that the artist wants to portray. Specifically, the submission of darkness to light or vice versa narrows down the color and texture of the painting. This minimalism of color and structure thus allows the author to present some characteristics ideal to Romantic art. The whole image can be divided horizontally into three different parts, namely, the sky, the sea, and the land. The great expanse of the sky, which covers at least â€Å"five-sixths of the canvass† (Web Gallery of Art, n. d. ), attracts attention considering the light it sheds on the whole image. Through devoting much space to the sky, the artist achieves artistic drama, which is very typical of the Romantic Movement. Specifically, the center clouds where a rich combination of colors is applied, capture the motion of light breaking into the darkness and at the same time the darkness eating up the light. Such drama found in nature suggests some Romantic thoughts that draw out sentimentality from the audience. Depicting the sea with great darkness, Friedrich made it a point to limit this part to at least one-eights of the canvass. This allows the other images, such as the sky, the land, and the monk to take form, while it allows the purpose of showing the location of the monk at the same time. On the one hand, the element of darkness suggests the artist’s tendency to contemplate on the darkness of nature and its mystery. On the other, it also suggests the themes of death and the obscure, which other painters similarly dealt on during this time (i. e. Goya, Delaroix). The monk standing by the sea seems lost and forlorn, thus unable to see the great storm coming. In a description by Marie von Kugelgen, one of Friedrich’s followers, the lady wrote to her friend Friederike Volkmann: â€Å"A vast endless expanse of sky †¦ still, no wind, no moon, no storm – indeed a storm would have been some consolation for then one would at least see life and movement†¦ On the unending sea there is no boat, no ship, not even a sea monster, [which] make the loneliness even more desolate and horrible† (Web Gallery of Art). This clearly shows the initial attention that the work garnered from the public. Widely recognized for the great landscapes he formerly depicted, the artist must have surprised his followers with the dark portrayal of the sea coupled by the view of the monk who seems to submit himself unrelentingly to the vast rupturing sky and the deep dark sea in front of him. Nevertheless, the purchase of King Frederick III Wilhelm helped the work gain much favor it deserved. Later on, Clemens Brentano’s description of the work suggests the acceptance of the work by the public. From the horrible experience the work evoked in Kugelgen, Brentano notes the splendid, infinite loneliness of the monk by the shore (Held, 2003). This shows the public’s appreciation of the work, following its acceptance by the king. In Brentano’s critique, we may note the contemporary viewer’s appreciation of the work, despite the loneliness it presents. This also shows the ability of the viewer to relate to the monk’s experience, thus reflecting the positive attitude toward the theme of death, which other Romantic artists and writers demonstrate in their works. Further to the thematic analysis of the work, one can perceive the artist’s idea of communing with nature. The idea of the monk leaving the monastery in order to enjoy or contemplate the quietness and simplicity of nature strongly suggests a Romantic attitude. However, aside from portraying the greatness of nature, the view also shows that while the Romanticists regard nature as beautiful and powerful, they also view it with â€Å"sensuous nuance. † The dark colors of the sky and the sea imply the coming of a destructive storm. This reflects Friedrich’s attempt to break the usual concept of a beautiful sky at midday. Anticipating the great storm, the audience may feel a certain concern for the monk, some anxiety that destructs quiet contemplation. In addition, the combination of darkness and light yields the artist’s spontaneity and freedom. Since the monk is the only figure meant to appear at vertical angle, the rest of the image appears to be painted with free hand and brushstrokes that conjure at some point with a vanishing effect in the light colors of the sky. Furthermore, the solitariness of the monk asserts the Romantic idea of individualism. Using the monk as subject reveals Friedrich’s attempt to explore on the thoughts and emotions of a common man. Normally looked upon for their wisdom and strength, the image of the monk amid the darkness and light somehow distracts the idea of perfection among the religious members of the society. This characteristic adheres to the Romantic Age by the artist’s â€Å"rejection of traditional values of social structure and religion. (Worldwide Art Resources Web Site, n. d. ) Through the use of nature, the artist reveals the monk’s seeming confusion and loneliness as he casts view at the sea. Although the audience may have different perceptions of the experience that the monk undergoes, the image nevertheless suggests the imperfection in the life of a monk, the loneliness that they undergo, and the need to take part in the usual activity of nature. Centering on a single hero, the w ork portrays the individual struggle of every monk. By making the monk turn his back from the audience, the artist portrays his contemplation. More importantly, however, this portrayal makes the monk anonymous. Depicting a monk in this way makes his experience—his struggles and loneliness—universal in nature. It also suggests the commonness of the place, the scenery, and the emotion, to which viewers can possibly relate. Brentano’s description of the work reflects the artist’s successful attempt to make the meaning universal. According to the author, the scenery allows the viewers to relate to the scene, making one feel that â€Å"one has gone there, that one must return, that one would like to cross over†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This implies that despite the centrality of the work to the image of the monk, the audience can still relate to the contemplative experience that Friedrich depicts. The universality of the subject and the surroundings makes one long to reflect on a similar struggle the audience may have had at certain points in their lives. Another Romantic characteristic that the work reflects is the artist’s interest in the mystical aspect of life, which he portrays through the mysterious and vast skies and the dark sea. As Brentano claims, these evoke mixed feelings, â€Å"from the horror of one viewer, comes a grayness of the other† (Held, 2003, 84). Such combination of emotions that the artist draws from the audience signifies its successful portrayal of the mystical motifs in life, such as the union between darkness and light, the Apocalyptic view of the skies, and the solitude that such a view creates in everyone who witnesses it. Showing the figure of the monk amid the chaotic tendency of nature suggests the mystic relation among God’s creation. Overall, the structure and theme that Friedrich employs in his work consistently reflect valuable characteristics of Romantic art. Up to now, the darkness, emotions, and mysticism that the artist projects through his choice of subject, color combination, tone and structure still provide the modern audience with the same experience that viewers of the painting had in 1809.

Black Freedman essays

Black Freedman essays The summer of 1865 was a jovial time for slaves, as they were finally granted freedom. Many went to find their families they lost when they came to America, while others stayed on the plantations and continued working for their owners. However, the contentment quickly turned to fear and despair as the freedman realized they didnt have anything or anywhere to go. Everything and nothing had changed, claimed Nash. (496). The former slaves had no money, and no education, the only way of life they knew of was working in these unjust conditions. This marked the beginning of reconstruction, as Johnson came into presidency. He formulated a plan, known as the thirteenth amendment to eradicate slavery, cancel secession, disclaim all debts, and to designate new members of congress. However, congress felt differently about Johnsons goal of reconstruction and checked the situation in the south, they found mistreatment of blacks and total chaos. Despite, the unfair conditions the freedman still ha d hope for their security against the whites that terrorized them, the right to own land, to get an education, and to participate in politics. Reconstruction was an intense time for blacks as they fought for their divine, equal rights in a predominantly white, protestant-controlled world. Even though at the end of reconstruction the freedman did not achieve their foremost objectives, but they still possessed their freedom. Black codes were passed to provide the freedmen with some privileges. For instance, they could marry within their own race, they had the right to testify in court, and to own property. However, the blacks were not allowed to ride railways, own guns or firearms, have alcoholic beverages, be seen at night, and travel in large groups. The blacks began to feel robbed of their liberties. Therefore, commotion immediately followed, such as the race riot that broke out in Memphis when a newspaper publishe ...

Johannes Gutenberg essays

Johannes Gutenberg essays Throughout history many people have created new ideas and inventions that have had great impact on people. But no ones ideas have had such a huge effect on the world as Johannes Gutenbergs ideas. His invention of the moveable type printing press impacted millions of people all over the world. Johannes Gutenberg was born between 1394 and 1400 in southern city of Germany called Mainz where he grew up learning the trade of a goldsmith (Tomaselli). In 1445 Johannes invented the printing press and printed the first 42-line Bible, which was the start of a revolution of education and knowledge. Johannes Gutenberg was a great individual because his printing press revolutionized the literacy world during his time and continues to have a great impact on the world today. During the time Gutenberg lived, many people were starting to become educated(Keep). People were learning how to read and the demand for books were very high in Europe. He invented the printing press at the perfect time in history. The only way books could be reproduced was by scribes handwriting each book. This took a lot of labor and created the need for a more efficient way of printing literature(Tomaselli). His printing press solved this problem in Europe. His 42-line bible, also known as the Gutenberg bible, was printed in several languages other then Latin. This allowed almost anyone from anywhere in the world to be able to read the bible and make their own interpretation of it. His invention sparked the printing industry and soon enough, printing presses were being used all over Europe. Not to o long after Gutenbergs death were the ideas of the Renaissance being created. The printing press allowed the many new ideas and philosophies of the renaissance to be spread all throughout Europe, thus significantly educating people. His great invention revolutionized the literacy world (Tomasel...

Pontecaster Car Rally case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pontecaster Car Rally case report - Essay Example The advice that could be given to Pontecaster depends on its rights or responsibilities in the contract. But before the obligation could arise from the contract, there is a need to establish whether there is a contract. A contract exists when the following elements occur: offer and acceptance, consideration, certainty of agreement and intention to create legal relations (University of London, 2007). If such a contract does exist between the parties, it could now be asked whether the rights of Pontecaster are being protected. On the other hand, Pontecaster may have responsibilities to be done under the contract which may make it at fault. As far as the issue on whether there is a contract between the parties on the basis of the presence or absence of offer and acceptance, consideration , certainty of agreement and intention of create legal relations, this paper submits that they parties are presumed to have a contract because the question presupposes the existence of such contract. As far as its rights under the contract (which is presumed to exist based on the question), it becomes an issue whether it can it ask â€Å"Grubs up† to pay for breach of contract. The case facts provide that there was confusion as to actual date of the sports event but it was also provided that Pontecaster had already contracted â€Å"Grubs up† (Emphasis supplied). The fact that there was contract already, â€Å"Grubs up† must have been ready to meet the obligations including the day when the car rally event would have been held. As far as its responsibilities in the contract is concerned, Pontercaster may be held liable for its failure to conduct the event in its earlier designated time, if there is any, as per its contract with â€Å"Grubs up†. On the other hand, in the absence of the of a definite dates of the event that was agreed upon, such may indicate lack of intention to be bound for which â€Å"Grubs up† may not be liable.

Auditing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Case Study Example altered year to year, these changes would create an inherent risk that Nathans Finance would not be able to meet those requirements and ultimately financial statement would not present the true and fair view. 1. There is a risk that there are no appropriate controls over revenue recording and the revenue of the next year is included in the current year’s figure which ultimately results in 42.5% increase in total sales. 3. There is a big increase in the revenue, but advertisement expense is only $53,445 in 2005 against $313,356 in 2006 (Nathans Finance NZ Limited, 2006). This may reveal control risk because this huge increase in advertisement expense may exposed that there are no related controls. Detection risk is a risk that the audit procedures performed by the auditor will not be able to detect and prevent the material misstatement in the financial statement. Some of the detection risks in Nathan Finance are mentioned below, 1. There is a big increase in the revenue, but advertisement expense is only $53,445 in 2005 against $313,356 in 2006 (Nathans Finance NZ Limited, 2006) auditor may not be able to detect the potentioal oversttement in the revenue. 2. Purchase of new vending machines for $11.32 million. It may either be fictitious or it may be leased asset. There is a greater risk that the auditor is unable to detect any potential fraud of error in this significant transaction. 3. Decrease in salaries and wages in comparison to last year may suggest that the management is concealing the expense to show higher profits, because in normal circumstances salaries expense increases. Audit procedures may fail to detect this potential error or fraud. 4. Increase in intercompany advances from $60.7 million to 79.6 million. This is related parties transaction and the management can create fictitious advance which would be difficult for the auditors to detect. 5. Sharp decrease in long-term finance receivables from $45.1 million to $34.07 million in 2006.

Greek-Orthodox religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greek-Orthodox religion - Research Paper Example Byzantine Christianity, which is the base of Greek Orthodoxy, is built with a combination of Christian and Hellenic heritage and is marked by â€Å"its liturgy, use of religious images (icons), veneration of saints and relics, monastic practices, and imperial grandeur† (Laderman and Leon, 294). The term orthodoxy represents, â€Å"proper glorification of God through appropriate worship† (Makrides, 66). The â€Å"defining feature† of Orthodox Christianity can be put more precisely as, â€Å"doctrinal correctness† (Makrides, 66). It also has its own â€Å"ritual tradition and institutional structures† (Makrides, 66). The basic theological premise of this strain of Christianity is not completed simply with a â€Å"belief in one Christian God† but has to be â€Å"the correct (â€Å"Orthodox†) belief in the one true and Trinitarian Christian God† (Makrides, 66). For Greek Orthodox religion, the ultimate salvation of the faithful is à ¢â‚¬Å"dependent on upholding the sole correct Christian faith, uncontaminated from deviant interpretations and influences† (Makrides, 66). The Greek Orthodox believers declare that they are the preservers of Christianity in its pure and correct form. They have drawn their theological beliefs and rituals from the seven Ecumenical Councils held between 325 and 787 and claim that they are preserving Christianity in the pure form as established by the Apostles (Makrides, 67). When a deep study is made into Orthodox Christianity, it can be seen that Greek Orthodoxy has a more profound sense of ecology than any other Christian religious system. In the present scenario of environmental destruction and predictions of global warming, it is the theology of Greek Orthodoxy that can lead human kind to evolve a comprehensive Christian ecology, which can impart a platform for our interactions with nature. The Trinitarian relationships as is delineated in Greek Orthodoxy can become the basis for deriving an ecological perspective based on Orthodoxy. The â€Å"relationships† itself establishes the relational aspect of the â€Å"very being of things† (Edwards and Worthing, 99). These relations are again, profoundly anchored in the â€Å"Trinitarian relationships of mutual love† (Edwards and Worthing, 99). The logic behind this supposition is that â€Å"if the Creator’s being is radically relational, then this suggests something about the nature of created reality† (Edwards and Worthing, 99). This is why Greek Orthodox theologian, John Zizioulas is quoted as saying, â€Å"it is communion that makes things be: nothing exists without it, not even God† (as cited in Edwards and Worthing, 99). From this theological background arises the notion that human and all other living creatures are â€Å"radically inter-relational and interdependent† (Edwards and Worthing, 100). And God is defined as all creatures in communion (Edwards an d Worthing, 100). Hence, Orthodoxy states that â€Å"the distinction between creator and creation is dissolved† which presents humans as embedded in nature, in God (Edwards and Worthing, 114). It is evident from the above discussion that while Western Christianity is rightfully criticized for being created the human-nature duality, and the notion that God has created nature to serve the humans, Eastern Orthodoxy resolves that dualism. It has a more environmentally realistic notion about this topic, as is delineated by White who wrote about this subject in the website, www.asa3.org. White has elaborated this argument by putting Greek Orthodoxy against Christian anthropocentrism. He (White) said: The Greeks believed that sin was intellectual blindness, and that salvation was found in

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is now confronted with the problem of religion and ethnicity towards their political stability. The origin and history of ethnic conflict (societal wars and violence) can be traced from eternal (internal) state rivalry to external (physical). And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision making over economic resources and other important human factor, like position. The implementation process has always involved more than one or two persons. In general concept, the author of this work traces conflict back to the first and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in various dimensions) of Conflict in the face of human world. Some are personal (internal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention but few. In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his statement titled â€Å"World Apart† stated thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham. These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact shared a common beginning in the religion of Abraham†. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the said Abraham. Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman territory in Asian Minor. He advised Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno-political conflicts have greatly shaped our present world and of course have its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort. The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s. Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds till date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to have stated very old in human history, even so in the case of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes. Majority of the conflicts takes time before their escalation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a complex one. After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the peoples basic needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the peoples consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today. This article is focused on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in within Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper will explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead. Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian political community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria means the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governance. Gurr (2000): has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation. Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a ‘choice less democracy’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridged (Rothchild 1995: 58). African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans atavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state ‘and given their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies. In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994). Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and chiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria especially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009). However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part mainly indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria. They have been documented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus â€Å"Boko Haram† menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes. The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political system which almost lead to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war. Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a lot both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion. The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political system it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1. To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political system 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country. Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet. In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race† from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature. Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resource’s and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political negotiations that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two. In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good. These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in terms of wealth, power, and status and†¦ joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the existence of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine accepted Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain. Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability: can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable. In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common ancestry or common origin. But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category â€Å"Yoruba† when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were classified as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes. According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å"Backward Caste† in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990. Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste† were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste† because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity. Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)† the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance†. The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments each one autonomous of each other.