Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay Example for Free

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay People think that racism and discrimination doesn’t exist anymore, but surprisingly they do; both existed throughout human history. Discrimination may be defined as a negative, harmful behaviour toward people based on their group membership. Whereas prejudice which is an opinion rather than a fact; is a negative attitude toward members of a group, that is often very strongly held. Stereotypes are individuals beliefs that members of a group share particular attributes; someone might think that Arabs are terrorists, or doctors are intelligent and compassionate. Unlike prejudice and discrimination-terms that refer to negative attitudes or actions- stereotypes can be either positive or negative. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict will never end, and each individual has a different opinion about it. Ahmed Ramie is a Moroccan-Swedish writer and Holocaust denier, also the founder of the radio station Radio Islam which now operates as a website. Radio Islam is a website owned by a group of freedom fighters from different countries in support of Ahmed Ramies global struggle. Radio Islam is a website that is trying to promote better relations between the West and the Arab and Muslim World; its against racism of all kids and forms also against all kinds of discrimination of people based on their color of skin and faith. Meta-Stereotypes are a persons belief about the stereotype that out-group members hold concerning his or her own group; for example Arabs would believe that Jews hold a negative stereotype of their group (terrorists). Meta-stereotype differs depending on each group; Arabs may hold negative stereotypes against Jews (Occupants). Each group may hold different opinions; Palestinians may consider that their victims of the chosen people (the Jews). Each group believes that they hold the right opinions about others and some of them would never change their opinion. Another hate site that depicts hate towards Jews is Kinsman Redeemer Ministrie, Pastor Mark Downe is strongly honest with his opinion towards Jews, and his title is why we hate Jews. Scapegoat theory is a theory proposing that prejudice occurs because members of dominant groups use discrimination against members of weak target groups to vent their frustration and disappointment. People become frustrated during difficult economic time and tend to take out their frustration on weak targets, for example Jews in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s when Hitler roused anger against Jews by claiming they had too much economic power and blaming them for the impact of the worldwide depression on Germany. Jews were an outcast that many Germans disliked, but when Hitler started his campaign of propaganda, some Germans followed his league. But theres a difference between these two sites; Radio Islam is against Zionism not Judaism, where Kinsman Redeemer Ministries talks specifically about Jews and lists different reasons why people should hate them. One man started this propaganda and changed the whole world, now Hitler is gone but people still carry on with his campaign and spread the hate and racism among others. People should be more considerate about other peoples opinions and beliefs and not hurt them by hate websites or picking on them. Each person in this world is a unique individual who shouldnt be judged based on his/her religion, color, sexuality or ethnicity. Prejudice against overweight women is common now a day, people who are overweight are the targets of widespread prejudice and discrimination, and they may find difficulties finding a job or travelling. Some groups hold hate towards other overweight people, they believe that the fat gene is not an excuse and obesity should not be common among us. If an obese saw a hate website about overweight groups they would feel ashamed and upset that they would eat more rather than fixing their problem. Old-Fashioned Prejudice is one of the forms of prejudice; the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is name of three distinct past and present right-wing organizations in the United States. After the American Civil War the KKK was created on December 24, 1865, this group represents the White Christian civilization they believe in many concepts and rights that should be essential to civilized and moral society. Some people might find them as ignorant and racist but they are certainly convinced about their beliefs and actions towards illegal immigrants and black people. On one of the hate websites KKK they mention white all the time that others might be offended and bothered, their mission is to live in a country with white people only. Again Frustration caused this group it started after the War before that people didn’t mind black people. Martin Luther King has become a human rights icon and he represented all African Americans; he fought for their rights since the 50s. Throughout the history till the present African Americans still might feel discriminated and an outcast. Stereotypes is a huge effect on people and how they feel about others, a kid might not think of a Black man in the middle of the night as a killer or a thief but as this kid grows older and starts watching television and surfing the internet this persons thoughts will change and develop hate towards Black people and somehow fear. In all I would like to wrap up this assignment with saying that Im totally against judging a book from its cover, some people might hate all Jews because some of them occupied Palestine or some Jews would hate all Germans because some of them slaughtered them. But I think thats not only racist but its ignorant, all people should be treated the same and those hate websites can convince teenagers to turn into a hater and Im surprised how they exist from the first place. Websites I visited: -http://radioislam. org/islam/english/index_zion1. htm -http://www. kinsmanredeemer. com/WhyWeHateJews. htm -http://ihatefatpeople. wordpress. com/ -http://www. kkk. bz/.

Research Project On KFC co

Research Project On KFC co Business organizations endure because they have customers who are prepared to pay for their product and service (Cinoy, 2007). In this competitive world satisfying the needs of the customer plays an important role for any business organization with providing the quality service that reaches the expectations of the consumer and satisfying them with their product by this company can adopt successful business strategy that can take them over their rivals in the market. Now a days many organizations are investing considerable amount of resources in finding out new methods and tactics for filling the gap between the actual customer expectation and service provided by the organization this is because of lack of correspondence between customer expectations and actual service provided by the organizations which results in dissatisfaction of consumers. This research project is concerned about analyzing the service quality provided to its customers by KFC store, Belle vale, Liverpool and to analyze the level of satisfaction experienced by its consumers. Service quality has been conceptualized as the difference between customer prospect regarding service to be received and opinion of service being received (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Customer satisfaction is recognized as being highly associated with Value and consequently on the Price (Antreas, 1999). Customer satisfaction has been acknowledged as central concept as well as essential goal of all business activity (Eugene et al., 1994). These food court industries are fast growing industries in the whole United Kingdom and Globally. There is intense competition among the firms in the industry for example: MC Donalds, Burger King Etc. Expansion in service sector has resulted in increased variety of customer demands and customer needs and wants. To reach increased customer demands busi ness should adopt strategies which gain the business than its rivals. 1.1 Problem outline As the most successful food firms are organized to deliver most enviable combination of food and service to consumers (jean Ben, 1996). The firms find it difficult to understand how consumers perceive their services and evaluate service quality (Valarie et al., 1985).This research is concerned with customer satisfaction and Service Quality in the hospitality industry focusing KFC store, Belle vale. Research will critically analyze to determine the level of customer satisfaction provided by the store and makes suggestions how to plan to increase the level of customer satisfaction which in turn increases the store overall performance. Report will investigate and come up with the steps and suggestions to be taken for the customers to be satisfied. 1.2 Organization overview KFC (GB) Ltd forms a part of Yum Brands. Yum Brands consist of 5 core Quality service Restaurant (QSR) KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, AW, and Long John Silver. KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) operates in 74 countries and territories throughout the world. The KFC concept was introduced to Britain in 1965. Following by worldwide acquisition of KFC by PepsiCo it was announced that the British operations KFC GB Ltd has become a joint venture a company owned by Trust House Forte and PepsiCo (KFC, 2000). KFC Store, Belle vale is one of the new store it just being 20months. As its a new store this report would suggest some of the plans that are important for the store to increase their level of customer satisfaction among its customers. 1.3 Aims and objectives This research main aim is to study and critically evaluate the customer satisfaction of the customers for the service quality provided to them by the KFC store in Belle vale. To suggest solution for some of the issues faced by the consumers respectively thus by fixing them store can gain higher customer satisfaction and could provide their customers with proper service quality which could reach the expectations of them. The research plan is to use different types and modes of the quantitative research methods for collecting data. Quantitative data is collected by questionnaire. The data collected through questionnaire is analyzed through SPSS. Objectives: To adopt Quantitative research methods in order to know how far customer is satisfied. To critically review the literature of the customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry, Identify key areas, and concepts to develop and support the research. To make suggestions and recommendations to the store so that they plan and attain higher customer satisfaction from the survey conducted for the research. To investigate the importance of customer satisfaction and service quality in order to create new customers To reach the expectations of existing customers and to retain them in future. To critically review and apprise the current literature on SERVQUAL. Literature review The Literature review is the work of syntheses. The literature review is an attempt to summarize the existing state of knowledge about a subject and, in research proposals, to frame the proposed researchs expected involvement to knowledge (Jeffrey, 2006). Literature review enables the researcher to position research in a large context by determining on overall review of the body of research and revealing the work that already being done and reported. The fundamental variables contribution to customer satisfaction in store about The Quality, and Environment can be ultimately enhanced but the service offered eventually provide business a competitive advantage (Evert, 1991) The predominance of evidence in the accessible literature on the marketing of services has identified the critical role of service quality and satisfaction in the formation of customer purchase retention (Steven Thomas, 1994). Understanding the relationship between the customer satisfaction and service quality is crucial for the effective management of any business institution (Rust Oilver, 1994). However drive for the product and service apparent worldwide but the increasing customer satisfaction has become corporate goal for the business (Bitner Hublert, 1994). The development of better understanding of how service quality perception and consumer satisfaction judgment interacts and influence each other on consumer purchase intention is a key challenge face by current services in marketing discipline (Bolton Drew, 1994) 2.1 Concept of Customer satisfaction Market researcher distinguishes between customer satisfaction with respect to a specific transaction and their global evaluation of service (Eugene et al., 1994). Customer satisfaction has been distinguished under two different conceptualizations they are Transaction specific and Cumulative (Boulding et al., 1993). Transaction specific perspective customer satisfaction is viewed as post evaluative judgment of a specific purchase occasion (Oliver, 1980). Cumulative customer satisfaction is an overall assessment based on total purchase and consumption experience with a product or service encountered (Fornell, 1992). Once the customers are satisfied with a service, they become more likely to re-purchase, which then increases the companys profits. As per the survey conducted food quality, restaurant atmosphere and fairness and efficiency of seating procedures significantly influence customer satisfaction. Also service quality, personnel response, food price and convenience directly influ ence customer satisfaction with their meal experience. Concept of service quality Service quality is defined as the gap between the customer expectations and perceptions (Zeithaml et al., 1998). Over the past years service sector has become the dominant sector in the economy, and the studies reveal that service quality is the pre-requisite for the success and survival for business organizations in the competitive world. Service quality is famous as SERVQUAL. SERVQUAL has two types of approach Normative, and Predictive. Normative study explains how a firm proves to be excellent apart from the other firms operating in the same industry. Predictive SERVQUAL study explains expectation of the customers and perceptions of the same customers after them being served. The interest in service quality has increased noticeably (Gummesson, 1991). Service quality leads to customer loyalty, attraction of new customers and increased business performance through increased high levels of satisfaction (Parasuraman et al., 1988). The problems which are involved in service quality are in part a manifestation of intangible, Simultaneous, Non standardized and perishable nature of service. Its very difficult to clarify the characteristics of service and their relationship with service quality. Usually they are many problems faced by organizations providing high quality service to its customers. From the customers point of view they are five factors that affect the service quality of a firm (Suresh, 2001). Core services or service products Human elements of service delivery Systemizations of service delivery: Non-human element Tangible of services Social responsibilities Measuring service quality They are many service quality measurements and methods proposed by various researchers. These methods can be broadly classified into two groups incident based and attribute based service quality measurements. Attribute based methods exist in a wide range of variants. One of the few tested instruments available to measure service quality from the customers perspective is the SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Perceived service quality is measured by subtracting customer perception scores from customer expectation score. The five dimensions considered are: Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. . The research conducted by researchers found that the three most important expectations of Quick service restaurant patrons were assurance, reliability and tangibles. This instrument will be used in the store to compare service quality to that of the other sectors and to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the store. Service Elements Service encounter elements are studied by many service marketing scholars to reveal personal interaction because increasing the pleasure of service encounters can reduce the perceived risk associated with purchasing a service and improve the buying experience (Briggs et al., 2007). The influence of service encounter elements can be reduced to three main components. The first is environmental elements, which include tangible and intangible elements in the service environment such as ambience, lighting, music and internal and external environmental design. The second component comprises of service employee factors which include the kind of employees providing services to customers. Specific behaviors, including the behavior of service employees are the key determinants of perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. The third component is consumer factors such as whether the consumer is influenced by the appearance, behavior and perceptions of other customers. Research methodology The research methodology is an approach which encompasses of several issues including problems, constrictions and ethical preferences within the research. The methodology is the speculative examination of the methods that are appropriate to a specific field of study. To achieve the objectives and goals of the research, selection of methodology is essential and is indispensable for investigation and analysis. Keeping in consideration the quality of services provided by the organization (Valarie et al., 1985) the onion theory, plays an important role in determining the philosophy, approaches, strategies, time horizon and the data collection methods 3.1 Research philosophy The learning style questionnaire or assessment assessed the researchs style as a Positivist and an Accommodator (See Appendix 1 -Learning Style Assessment). The perception by which a researcher carries out his or her research is called as research philosophy and these are classified into three positivism, interpretive and realism. With positivism, a researcher will work with an observable social reality with the end product of the research being generalizations (Saunders et al., 2003). The positivist approach is taken in the value free way. This implies that the researcher will neither affect or be affected by the subject of the research. Approach to research Deductive and Inductive are the two approaches to research. Deductive approach is a process in which we develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis, whereas in Inductive approach we would collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. As the researchers study deals with positivism a deductive approach will be adopted in this research (Saunders et al., 2003). In the deductive approach, the laws present the basis of explanation, allow the anticipation of phenomena, predict their occurrence and therefore permit them to be controlled (Collis Hussey, 2003). There are five sequential stages through which deductive research will progress (Robson, 2002). First stage is Deducing a hypothesis from the theory. Secondly, expressing the hypothesis in operational terms, which propose a relationship between two specific concepts or variables. Testing the operational hypothesis. Examining the specific outcome of the inquiry. If necessary, modifying the theory in the light of the findings. Research strategy The strategy can be used for explanatory, descriptive and illustrative research (Yin, 2003). There are seven strategies namely Experiment, Survey, Case study, Action research, Grounded theory, Ethnography, and Archival research (Saunders et al., 2003). The survey being the popular strategy in business and management research it is used for exploratory and descriptive research. This strategy allows the collection of large amount of data from a sample in an economical way. The survey strategy is perceived as authoritative by people in general and is both comparatively easy to explain and to understand. It allows us to collect quantitative data which can be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The questionnaire, however is not the only way to collect data, it includes structures observations, structures interviews etc. This survey strategy calculates and analyzes the satisfaction levels of the customers. Methodology conclusion The researcher intends to use a quantitative approach using a positivist and deductive approach and utilizing the data required in a way to support the research and provides the ability to understand. Research methods Research may be categorized into two distinct types: Qualitative and Quantitative. The former researcher concentrates on words and observations to express reality and attempts to describe people in natural situations (Amaratunga et al., 2002). The latter grows out of a strong academic tradition that places considerable trust in the numbers that represent opinions or concepts. According to the other researcher research strategy should be chosen according to the research situation. The researcher uses quantitative method (i.e. questionnaire survey) to measure the customer satisfaction and quality of service provided by the restaurant staff (Yin, 2003). 4.1 Quantitative research Quantitative data is the information that can be counted or expressed numerically. Quantitative data refers to all the numeric data that can be a product of all research strategies (Saunders et al., 2003). This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs and charts. A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. They are often designed for statistical analysis. Questionnaire survey Questionnaires are often used to collect primary quantitative data from the customers. The aim is to gather valid, reliable and unbiased data from a representative sample of respondents. One of the objectives of this research is to investigate factors which are more effective on overall customer satisfaction and service quality, in which case a certain proportion of customers should be inquired to draw out quantified information, and the sample will be chosen in a random basis. Questionnaire based survey is more efficient in terms of time, cost, thus increasing its accuracy. Moreover, the sample is much easier to be picked up. Types of questionnaire There are two types of questionnaires namely Self-administered Questionnaires and Interviewer Administered Questionnaires (Saunders et al., 2003). As far as this research is concerned the researcher will use Self administered Questionnaires which will be delivered by hand and collected later. Questionnaire design Questionnaire consists of a set of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. Questionnaire design calls our sociological imagination into play in a number of ways. It is designed in such a way that the questions are meaningful, sensitive, precise, searching and salient to our respondents. The construction of questions should be done precisely so that the respondents will want to answer them fully and truthfully as they can. It consists of open ended questions and close ended questions. The open ended question asks the respondents to formulate their own answers, whereas close ended questions requires the respondents to pick up an answer from a given number of options. The questionnaire will include: Ranking questions, open ended questions, simple direct questions requiring the respondent to tick a box and questions using Likert scale. Sample selection A sample is a set of elements selected in some way from a population. the available sampling methods fall into two main categories: probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. The researcher prefers to go for Non probability convenience sampling where the sampling will be randomly done until it satisfies the requirements of the research. The minimum criteria for selecting the samples from the population would be that the individuals or the group of individuals selected should be the customers KFC Belle vale. Formula to Calculate sample size (S). S = Where n = no of customers e = 5% Data collection methods If the researcher wants to use some data for a particular purpose, he may use either the primary data or secondary data (Waters, 2001). Primary data is collected by the researcher himself for a particular purpose. Secondary data will be collected for other purposes. Primary Data The primary data will be collected through the questionnaires distributed to the customers/guests. A well structured questionnaire will be given to the customers in order to evaluate the opinions, beliefs, views and preferences of different people. The primary data collected through the questionnaires will be interpreted using SPSS. Secondary Data Data which includes both raw data and published summaries is incorporated in secondary data (Saunders et al., 2003). Various forms of secondary data will be collected from journals, books and websites in order to support the research. The researcher has access to wide range of facilities of the learning resource centers of the universities in Liverpool Profile, Personal Suitability 5.1 Researcher personal knowledge and skill Researcher is the graduate in Bachelors of commerce (Honours) from Osmania University. The researcher has done a project on Export Finance provided by banks in India from the State bank of Hyderabad (SBH) during his graduation. The store understands that this research can help them to improve their business as the researcher has prior experience in customer services. Research suitability As the researcher is the employee of the KFC store, it will enable him to get the required data and conduct a survey on service quality. Being the employee of the organization, the researcher did not want to lose the opportunity to enhance on his personal interests. Moreover, with the support of his manager the researcher has gained confidence in the completion of the task successfully. A consent letter has been issued by KFC to carry on the survey which has been put in Appendix 3. Time and project management 6.1 project plan A project plan which is produced using the Microsoft Office project 2007 is presented in the Appendix 2. The project starts on 1st July 2011 and ends on 29th November 2011. As the researcher is an employee of KFC, there seems to be no hindrance for the successful completion of his project. However there may be some aspects which may exceed the time allocated, say for example the questionnaires. This is because the researcher will have to manage with the customers for their respective feedbacks which may exceed the allocated time period. Cost The only cost involved in this research would be the printing cost of the questionnaires. Research protocol 7.1 Questionnaire protocol Questionnaires will be directly given to the customers after they complete their meal. Sufficient time will be given to fill the questionnaires. A brief idea about the research will be included in the questionnaire. On receiving the completed questionnaires, the data will be loaded into SPSS to analyze it. Using Microsoft Word Amend all the text to be Times New Roman size 12. Amend all the text of any bold or italic script. Remove all headers and references to original authors. Others 8.1 Ethical issues Research ethics relates to questions about how we formulate and clarify our resource topic, design our research and gain access, collect data, process and store our data, analyze data and write up our research findings in a moral and responsible way (Saunders et al., 2003). The researcher guarantees that the research will cause no harm in terms of personal or physical harm (Kumar, 2005). That sharing information about respondents with others for non-research purpose is un-ethical. All the data will be kept confidential and will not be disclosed without the organizations permission. The author will make sure that no questions will be asked which would break the legal rules and the privacy of the organization. The raw data will be safely stored by the researcher who will be the only person to access it, and it will be destroyed once the study is completed. The required ethical approval form has been put in the Appendix 4.

Carl Gustav Jung Essay -- essays research papers

Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. The issues that he dealt with arose from his personal experiences. For many years Jung felt as if he had two separate personalities. One introverted while the other was extroverted. This interplay results in his study of integration and wholeness. His work has been influential not only in psychology, but in religion and literature as well. Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, the only son of a Protestant clergyman. At the age of four his family moved to Basel. His childhood was a lonely one. Jung observed his parents and teachers and tried to understand their behavior, especially that of his father. The elder Jung had a failing belief in religion. Jung could never understand why. There were numerous relatives on either side of his family that were clergymen. It was expected of Jung to continue in the family tradition. Jung did not decide to follow, instead choosing to attend the University of Basel from 1895-1900. Before deciding on medicine Jung studied biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology. His explorations did not stop with that, he looked at philosophy, mythology, early Christian literature as well as religion. His interest in religion could be attributed to his heritage and watching the demise of his father. After leaving Basel, Jung became an assistant physician at Burgholzli Psychiatric clinic under Eugen Bleuler. In 1902 he obtained his M.D. from the University of Zurich. His dissertation was entitled "On the Psychology and Pathology of So -Called Occult Phenomena". Through this work one of his basic concepts is outlined, the underlying wholeness of the psyche. Jung's first research was conducted in 1904. He studied word association in patients. He found groups of repressed psychic content for which he invented the now famous word "complex." This study brought him close to the work of Sigmund Freud. Jung's work confirmed many of Freud's ideas. Between 1907 and 1912 he and Freud worked very close. Many believed that Jung would continue Freud's psychoanalysis, but this did not occur. For temperamental and differences over the signific... ...rre Janet 1902 Went to London 1903 Married Emma Rauschenbach 1904 Research in Word Association 1905 Started lecturing at Zurich 1907 First meeting with Sigmund Freud 1909 Gave up work at Burgholzi 1911 Lectured in the United States with Freud 1911 Elected president of the "International Psychoanalytic Society" 1912 Publication of "Psychology of the Unconscious" 1912 Split with Freud 1913 Gave up lectureship at Zurich 1914 Resigned from the "International Psychoanalytic Society" 1920 Went to Tunis and Algiers 1921 Publication of "Psychological Types" 1924 Studied Pueblo Indians 1926 Studied the inhabitants of Mount Elgon in Kenya 1933 Professor of Psychology at the Federal Polytechnical University of Zurich 1933 Edited the "Central Journal for Psychotherapy and Related Fields" 1935 President of the Swiss Society for Practical Psychology 1937 Visited India 1939 Finished editing the "Central Journal for Psychotherapy and Related Fields" 1941 Retired from The Federal Polytechnical University of Zurich 1943 Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of Basel 1961 Died in Kusnacht, on Lake Zurich

Essays --

Many diverse cultures exist across the globe, differing in several aspects, such as beliefs, practices, and values. An example of two cultures that demonstrate dissimilar values are Ancient Anglo-Saxon and Ancient Mesopotamian. These two cultures are known to have expressed opposing heroic values. Two texts that can be accurately used in this comparison are Beowulf, an Ancient Anglo-Saxon text, and The Epic of Gilgamesh, an Ancient Mesopotamian text. Beowulf is among the earliest surviving works of literature. It was written in Old English and dates back sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem is set in Scandinavia, and tells the story of the heroic warrior, Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect hero. He fought for his people and defeated evil with his ability to bring on justice. Three of Beowulf’s traits that serve as evidence of this were his remarkable physical strength, his ability to put the well-being of others before his own well-being, and his courage. Beowulf was a true hero, in the eyes of many, through said traits. He fought a number of battles and was triumphant in all, except his last battle. Beowulf possessed the skills and power necessary to kill Grendel, the monster who had been terrorizing the Danes for over a decade, with his bare hands. While fighting, Beowulf detached Grendel’s arm from his shoulder, which was later hung up as a trophy. Beowulf eventually put an end to Grendel’s life, and naturally, Grendel’s mother had pursued Beowulf. Although Grendel’s mother was an even deadlier monster than her son, Beowulf once again proved his abilities by slaying her, as well. He slashed her neck with a sword that carried unbearable weight. Afterwards, he carried her head with only his own arms, while it took the a... ...concerns was fame. He only wanted to build his name. Another way in which Gilgamesh did not demonstrate the same heroic values as Beowulf is the fact that he was not fearless. He was afraid of his own death. We witnessed this after Enkidu died, when he set out on his journey to gain immortality. In both Ancient Anglo-Saxon and Ancient Mesopotamian cultures, works of literature portray heroes such Beowulf and Gilgamesh, and the heroic values that they possessed. The heroes, Beowulf and Gilgamesh, had both similar and dissimilar heroic values, however, Beowulf was by far a better hero than Gilgamesh. While Beowulf and Gilgamesh both possessed remarkable strength and courage, Beowulf was fearless and selfless, which makes him a true hero. After comparing the two texts, it is fair to say that Ancient Anglo-Saxons abide by stricter guidelines in terms of heroic values.

The Neverending Story Essay -- Literary Analysis, Michael Ende

Michael Ende’s The Neverending Story is a timeless tale of adventure, imagination, and self-discovery. The story revolves around Bastian Balthazar Bux, an innocent but awkward, socially outcast, and greatly misunderstood pre-teen boy of a widowered father who finds himself metaphorically and literally lost within the pages of a magical book entitled The Neverending Story. Inside the book, Bastian discovers a terrible affliction has befallen the enchanting land of Fantastica, a mystic world full of rock creatures, purple buffaloes, and wind giants (to name a few). The malevolent force he finds is slowly and sporadically consuming Fantastica and all of its inhabitants. It is called the Nothing, and it threatens to destroy the world of Fantastica forever unless someone is able to find the one who will give the Childlike Empress a new name. The Childlike Empress, also known as the Golden-Eyed Commander of Wishes, is an aloof, seemingly omnipotent, and mysterious girl that rules Fantastica. She is the fabric which holds Fantastica together, and in essence she is Fantastica. Her desire for a new name (which she claims wills save the world) leads a brave young warrior on an arduous journey to find someone who can give her a new moniker. That warrior’s name is Atreyu. Atreyu is a strong and persevering hunter turned adventurer whose quest begins upon receipt of a message from the Childlike Empress to locate the giver of her new name. Though he does not fully understand his mission or final destination, Atreyu resolves himself to fulfill the request of the Childlike Empress. Bastian also resolves himself to see Atreyu’s story to the end, but he eventually realizes that Atreyu is not the only one on a mission from the empress an... ...an is tested by the empress to give her a new name. The examples continue to follow both parts of the novel and both heroes, though all are in disorder according to Propp’s sequence. Regardless, at least twenty-four of Propp’s thirty-one functions are present in Ende’s novel. CONCLUSION The myth motifs discussed are but a few of the many to be found in Ende’s novel, though I would argue that the mythological parallels came second to his writing an engaging story. Rather than a cookie-cutter myth comparison, The Neverending Story is a fantastic journey through imagination. Only when examined and pulled apart do the intricate mythological relationships reveal themselves. I still wonder if the foundations of myth lurk in the subconscious minds of story tellers like Michael Ende, or are the relationships found in his and others’ stories entirely coincidental?

Grignard Reagent

1598 Organometallics 2009, 28, 1598–1605 CoVer Essay The Grignard Reagents Dietmar Seyferth Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ReceiVed February 4, 2009 During the past 100 years the Grignard reagents probably have been the most widely used organometallic reagents. Most of them are easily prepared in ethereal solution (usually diethyl ether or, since the early 1950s, THF) by the reaction of an organic halide with metallic magnesium (eq 1).Table 1. Composition of Diethyl Ether Solutions of Various Grignard Reagents at Equilibrium (in mol %), 2RMgX h R2Mg + MgX2a RX in RX + Mg reacn CH3I C2H5I C2H5Br C2H5Cl n-C3H7I n-C3H7Br n-C3H7Cl C6H5I C6H5Br a RMgX 87. 0 43. 0 41. 0 15. 0 24. 0 24. 0 17. 0 38. 0 30. 0 R2Mg ) MgX2 6. 5 28. 5 29. 5 42. 5 38. 0 38. 0 41. 5 31. 0 35. 0 RX + Mg f RMgX (X ) Cl, Br, I) (1) Most of them are stable in ethereal solution (although atmospheric moisture and oxygen should be excluded) and in gene ral are quite reactive.Discovered by Victor Grignard at the University of Lyon in France in 1900,1 their ease of preparation and their broad applications in organic and organometallic synthesis made these new organomagnesium reagents an instant success. The importance of this contribution to synthetic chemistry was recognized very early, and for his discovery Grignard was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912. Our cover molecule is the monomeric ethylmagnesium bromide bis(diethyl etherate) (1), whose solid-state molecular structure was determined by an X-ray diffraction study by Lloyd Guggenberger and RobertRundle in 1964 using crystals isolated from a diethyl ether solution of a C2H5Br/Mg reaction mixture by slow cooling with a stream of cold gaseous nitrogen. 2-4 Adapted from: Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1931, 64, 734. Wilhelm Schlenk and his son discovered 80 years ago, more than one magnesium-containing species exists in the diethyl ether solution of a Grignard reagent. 5 A redistribution of the substituents on magnesium takes place, and the RMgX species ends up in equilibrium with the two symmetrical species, the diorganomagnesium and the magnesium dihalide: the â€Å"Schlenk Equilibrium† (eq 2). 2RMgX h R2Mg + MgX2 (2) Generally written as â€Å"RMgX† in textbooks, monographs and research papers, the Grignard reagents in ethereal solution are more complicated than this simple formula indicates. As (1) (a) Grignard, V. Compt. rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1900, 130, ? 1322. (b) Grignard, V. Dissertation â€Å"Theses sur les combinaisons organo` magnesienes mixtes et leur application a des syntheses†, University of Lyon, ` ` Lyon, France, 1901. (2) (a) Guggenberger, L. J. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5344. (b) Guggenberger, L. J. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 5375. 3) A crystalline solid, CH3MgI  · (n-C5H11)2O, was isolated and identi? ed as such by elemental analysis (Mg and I) in 1908 : Zerewitinoff, Th. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1908, 41, 2244. The oxonium structure The species that contain Mg-halogen bonds can be precipitated from Grignard reagent solutions in diethyl ether by the addition of 1,4-dioxane. An insoluble, polymeric 1,4-dioxane adduct is formed, leaving behind a solution of R2Mg5sa useful preparation of dialkyl- and diarylmagnesium reagents. 6 Wilhelm Schlenk, Jr. analyzed the 1,4-dioxane precipitations from a number of Grignard reagent solutions. Assuming that the precipitation is essentially instantaneous, i. e. , that the calculated R2Mg, MgX2, and RMgX percentages re? ect the actual composition of the Grignard reagent solution at equilibrium, Schlenk reported the compositions collected in Table 1. Direct evidence (5) Schlenk, W. ; Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1929, 62, 920. (6) (a) Cope, A. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 2238. (b) As Erwin Weiss found, evaporation of diethyl ether solutions of methyl- and ethylmagnesium bromide and chl oride at reduced pressure followed by heating of the colorless solid residues at ca. 00  °C and 0. 001 mmHg for several hours gave a mixture of the respective pure, solvent-free, polymeric R2Mg compounds and magnesium halides. The solid MgCl2 thus obtained differed from a sample obtained from a MgCl2 melt in that its lattice showed a strong stacking disorder. This form of MgCl2 had an extremely high surface area: Weiss, E. Chem. Ber. 1965, 98, 2805. (7) Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1931, 64, 734 Further additions to the examples in Table 1 were soon thereafter reported by other workers: (a) Noller, C. R. ; Hilmer, F. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 2503. (b) Johnson, G. O. Adkins, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 1943. (c) Cope, A. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 1578. was written for this compound. Earlier workers had isolated noncrystalline solid samples of etherates, e. g. , C2H5MgI  · (C2H5)2O and RMgI  · 2(C2H5)2O. (4) Other early Grignard reagent crystal structur es: (a) Stucky, G. D. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 4825 (C6H5MgBr  · 2Et2O). (b) Vallino, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1969, 20, 1 (CH3MgBr  · 3THF). . 10. 1021/om900088z CCC: $40. 75 ? 2009 American Chemical Society Publication on Web 03/16/2009 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1599 Figure 1.Association of several Grignard compounds in tetrahydrofuran (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3847. ). that solutions of â€Å"CH3MgBr† in diethyl ether contain CH3MgBr and (CH3)2Mg was obtained by Ashby and co-workers by means of 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements at -105  °C. Solutions of â€Å"t-butylmagnesium chloride† in diethyl ether also were studied. 8 The tendency of the halide substituents in the RMgX and MgX2 species present in ethereal solution at equilibrium to form bridges between magnesium atoms, Mg-X-Mg, in a Lewis base/Lewis acid type interaction further complicates the nature of the Grignard reagent in ethereal solvents.In a very thorough study of the association factors of various Grignard reagents in diethyl ether and THF by careful ebullioscopic molecular weight measurements, Eugene Ashby and Frank Walker at the Georgia Institute of Technology found that monomeric, dimeric, and higher oligomeric species were present, depending on the solvent and the halogen and the organic substituents on the magnesium atom. 9 Included in this study along with data for the â€Å"RMgX† solutions were data for a few R2Mg compounds and for the magnesium dihalides.As Figure 1 shows, the observed association factor (the i value is the apparent molecular weight divided by the formula weight of the monoetherate) shows that the Grignard reagents and (C6H5)2Mg are close to monomeric in the relatively strong Lewis basic THF. The picture is quite different in diethyl ether solution (Figures 2 and 3), with association factors of 1 to nearly 4 for solute concentrations up to ca. 3 molal. It is not clear what these i values mean in terms of the a ctual species present in these solutions.On the assumption that the Schlenk equilibrium is operative in all cases, in view of the presence of a signi? cant concentration of MgX2, one cannot expect only simple solvated species of type i(R)Mg-X] n [ i (average n ) i). Toney and Stucky isolated crystals of a dimeric species, 2, from a solution of â€Å"C2H5MgBr† in di-n-butyl ether by addition of this solution to triethylamine. 10 The molecular Figure 2. Association of alkylmagnesium chlorides in diethyl ether. Demonstration of importance of halogen vs R group in determining the form of association in diethyl ether (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3848. ).Figure 3. Association of several alkyl- and arylmagnesium bromides and iodides and related magnesium compounds in diethyl ether (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3848. ). structure, as determined by X-ray analysis, contained a double Br bridge with the ethyl groups in a trans arrangement. That (8) In â€Å"CH3MgBr† solutions in d iethyl ether: (a) Ashby, E. C. ; Parrish, G. ; Walker, F. Chem. Commun. 1969, 1464. (b) â€Å"(CH3)3CMgCl† solutions in diethyl ether at-26  °C: Parris, G. ; Ashby, E. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1206. (9) (a) Walker, F. W. ; Ashby, E. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3845. (b) Ashby, E. C. Bull. Soc.Chim. Fr. 1972, 2133 (review, in English). (c) Meisenheimer, J. ; Schlichenmaier. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1928, 61 (an earlier, similar, but more limited study in diethyl ether). more complicated structures can be present in an â€Å"RMgX† solution in diethyl ether was demonstrated by the determination of the X-ray crystal structure of a crystalline compound obtained from a THF solution of â€Å"C2H5MgCl† of composition C2H5Mg2Cl3. This compound was not a simple Cl-bridged dimer, as the empirical formula might suggest. Actually, it was a tetramer (Figure 4) in which the Mg atoms have a coordination number greater than 4. 1 There is a caveat, however: the species t hat crystallizes from a Grignard reagent solution does not necessarily directly re? ect what species are swimming around in the solution. The crystalline solid shown in Figure 4 could well have self-assembled during the crystallization process by combination of two molecules of the C2H5Mg2Cl3 dimer and not been present in solution at all. Even in the case of monomeric â€Å"RMgX† in THF solution, the Schlenk equilibrium will be operative and the strongly Lewis basic THF apparently prevents halide bridging between Mg atoms.Consequently, the (10) Toney, J. ; Stucky, G. D. Chem. Commun. 1967, 1168. (11) Toney, J. ; Stucky, G. D. J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 28, 5. 1600 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Scheme 1 Figure 4. Molecular structure of [C2H5Mg2Cl3(C4H8O)3]2, a tetrameric Grignard reagent. Modi? ed from Toney and Stucky (J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 28, 15. (copyright 1971, with permission from Elsevier)). presence of monomeric RMgX, R2Mg, and MgX2, all solvated, would resu lt in the measurement of an association factor of 1, as Walker and Ashby observed.There are so many factors that bear on the question of the constitution of a given Grignard reagent in ethereal solutionsthe Lewis basicity and steric properties of the ether solvent, the electronegativity and size of the halogen atom in RMgX, the nature and steric properties of the organic substituent on the magnesium atom. These will affect the magnitude of the equilibrium constant of the Schlenk equilibrium and the extent of Mg-X-Mg bridging. For most applications in synthetic chemistry it will suf? ce to take the easy way outsto regard and to write the Grignard reagent as RMgX.There is another interesting and useful property of ethereal Grignard reagent solutions. The magnesium species are weak electrolytes in such solvents of low dielectric constant, and â€Å"RMgX† solutions conduct an electric current. 12 The electrolysis of solutions of organomagnesium halides was studied in some detail by Kondyrew at the State Research Institute in Leningrad13 and by Ward Evans and his students at Northwestern University. 14 During the electrolysis, magnesium species migrate both to the cathode and to the anode. Scheme 1 shows the simplest picture based on RMgX. Metallic magnesium is formed at the cathode. 12) The earliest report appears to be a 1912 French paper: Jolibois, P. Compt. rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1912, 155, 213. See also: Nelson, ? J. M. ; Evans, W. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1917, 39, 82. (13) (a) Kondyrew, N. W. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1925, 58, 459. (b) Kondyrew, N. W. ; Manojew, D. P. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1925, 58, 464. (c) Kondyrew, N. W. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1928, 61, 208. (d) Kondyrew, N. W. ; Ssusi, A. K. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1929, 62, 1856. (14) The Evans group published many papers in J. Am. Chem. Soc. during the 1933-1942 period. See, for example: (a) Evans, W. V. ; Lee, F.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 654. (b) Evans, W. V. ; Field, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc . 1936, 58, 720. (c) Evans, W. V. ; Braithwaite, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 898. (d) Evans, W. V. ; Braithwaite, D. ; Field, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 534. (e) Evans, W. V. ; Pearson, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 2865. The alkyl radicals formed at the anode can undergo the usual alkyl radical processes of coupling (to R-R), disproportionation (to RH + R(-H)), or, if the anode is composed of a reactive metal such as zinc, aluminum, cadmium, or lead, they can attack the anode to form an organometallic compound.A graduate student of Evans, David G. Braithwaite, joined the Nalco Chemical Co. after he graduated and developed an electrolytic process for the commercialscale syntheses of tetramethyl- and tetraethyllead antiknock agents in which the respective alkyl Grignard reagents were electrolyzed in a mixed THF/diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvent system using a lead anode and a steel cathode. 15 The reactions of the Grignard reagents with organic, organometallic, and ino rganic substrates and their applications are too numerous and varied to be covered here.Not only do they ? nd extensive use on a small to moderate scale in research laboratories but they also have been prepared and utilized on a large scale in diverse industrial processes. For the most part they react as nucleophilic reagents, as would be expected, on the basis of the polarity of the carbon-magnesium bond, C? –Mg? +. However, they also can undergo electron transfer reactions with appropriate electron-acceptor substrates. They are weak bases capable of deprotonating the stronger weak organic acids such as terminal acetylenes and cyclopentadiene.Their basicity can be enhanced (as can be the basicity of organolithium reagents) by the addition to RMgX solutions in ethers of additives such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) or alkali-metal alkoxides. All such information can be found in books devoted solely or in part to Grignard reagents. 1 6 Two special topics are of current interest and merit special mention. (1) The preparation of highly functionalized organomagnesium reagents by Paul Knochel and his co-workers at the University of Munich17 by means of halogen-magnesium exchange (e. . , eq 3). The availability of reagents such as 3-8 (which must be utilized at low temperature) has added a new and spectacular dimension to Grignard reagent chemistry. (2) The synthesis of ole? ns, styrenes, 1,3-dienes and biaryl derivatives by the crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides. The crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides was discovered by Morris Kharasch and Charles Fuchs at the University of Chicago Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1601 Table 2.Transition Metal Halide Catalyzed Homocoupling of Phenylmagnesium Iodidea metal halide FeCl2 CoBr2 NiBr2 RuCl3 RhCl3 PdCl2 OsCl3 IrCl3 a amt, mol 0. 01 0. 01 0. 03 0. 0036 0. 0036 0. 00566 0. 00275 0. 003 amt of C6H5MgI, mol 0. 03 0. 03 0. 095 0. 0 108 0. 013 0. 0163 0. 007 0. 01 yield of biphenyl, % 98 98 100 99 97. 5 98 53 28 Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 957. in 1943 during the classic studies of Kharasch on the chemistry of Grignard reagents in the presence of transition-metal halides. 6b Kharasch and Fuchs found that arylmagnesium bromides in diethyl ether reacted readily with vinylic halides of type RCHdCHX and R2CdCHX (but not CH2dC(R)X) to give styrenes in 50-75% yield when the reactions were carried out in the presence of 5 mol % of CoCl2 (eq 4). 18It was reported that other metal halides (of iron, nickel, and chromium) also were effective catalysts of this cross-coupling reaction. Benzylmagnesium chloride also reacted in this manner with vinyl bromide to give PhCH2CHdCH2 in 75% yield.Alkylmagnesium halides such as cyclohexyl- and n-butylmagnesium bromide, on the other hand, gave only â€Å"small to negligible† yields of the expected coupling product. The ArMgBrderived biaryl usually was obtained as a byproduct in these reactions. Such homocoupling of arylmagnesium halides in the presence of a transition metal halide as well as copper and silver halides was a known reaction. It had been investigated in 1939 by Gilman and Lichtenwalter, who found that aryl Grignard reagents undergo homocoupling in the presence of ca. 0 mol % of various transition-metal halides in diethyl ether solution to give the respective biaryl in high yield in most cases (eq 5, Table 2). 19 The metal halide, in addition to being the needed catalyst precursor, also served as an oxidizing agent and, in some cases (CoBr2, NiCl2, RhCl3), formation of a black solid indicated complete reduction to the metal. not occur in the absence of the organic halide but in its presence was vigorously exothermic. The added organic halide was only partially consumed and did not show up in the biaryl product.When p-bromotoluene was added to a phenylmagnesium bromide/CoCl2 catalyst reaction mixture, only biphenyl was formed. A re markable reaction! smost likely a free radical process, as Kharasch suggested. The organic halide was believed to function as an oxidizing agent. This interesting, simple, and potentially useful cross-coupling reaction, as exempli? ed in eq 4, was not adopted by the synthetic organic community right away. After a long dormancy it was rediscovered some 30 years later by a number of groups in the USA, Japan, and France, all of whom apparently were not aware of the 1943 Kharasch/Fuchs JACS paper. 1 Transition-metal catalysts other than CoCl2 were used, but the concept and the basic reaction were the same. In 1971 Tamura and Kochi reported a thorough study of the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides catalyzed by soluble iron species in concentrations of ca. 10-4 M in THF at 0-25  °C. 26,27 Various Fe(III) compounds could be used as Fe catalyst precursors; the best were Fe(III) -diketonates such as Fe(RC(O)CHC(O)R)3 (R ) Ph, CH3, t-Bu). These exothermic reactions we re not free radical processes. The reactions of cis- and trans-propenyl bromide proceeded with retention of geometric con? uration (eqs 6 and 7) and were not adversely affected by the presence of 0. 4 M styrene. A ArMgBr + RCHdCHX 9 ArCHdCHR + MgBrX 8 (X ) Cl, Br) CoCl2 5 mol % (4) 2ArMgX + MXn f Ar-Ar + MgX2 + MXn-2 (5) A novel catalytic process for such ArMgX to Ar-Ar coupling was discovered by Kharasch and Fields when ethereal solutions of an aryl Grignard reagent that contained a catalytic amount (3 mol %) of CoCl2 were heated at re? ux for 1 h and then treated with an equivalent amount of an organic halide (C6H5Br, C2H5Br, i-C3H7Cl). 20 The coupling reaction to give Ar-Ar did (15) (a) Bott, L.L. Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Re? ner 1965, 44, 115. (b) Guccione, E. Chem. Eng. 1965, (June 21), 102. See also Part 2 of the tetraethyllead essay: (c) Seyferth, D. Organometallics 2003, 22, 5154 (pages 5172-5174). (16) (a) Krause, E. ; von Grosse, A. Die Chemie der metall-organischen Ve rbindungen; Gebruder Borntrager: Berlin, 1937; pp 14-61, 110-114. ? ? (b) Kharasch, M. S. ; Reinmuth, O. Grignard Reactions of Nonmetallic Substances; Prentice Hall: New York, 1954. (c) Handbook of Grignard Reagents; Silverman, G. S. , Rakita, P. E. , Eds. ; Dekker: New York, 1996. d) Grignard Reagents-New DeVelopments; Richey, H. G. , Ed. ; Wiley: Chichester, New York, 2000. (e) The Chemistry of Organomagnesium Compounds; Rappaport, Z. , Marek, L. , Eds. ; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2008. (17) Knochel, P. ; Dohle, W. ; Gommermann, N. ; Kneisel, F. F. ; Kopp, F. ; Korn, T. ; Sapountzis, J. ; Vu, V. A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302 (review). (18) Kharasch, M. S. ; Fuchs, C. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 504. (19) Gilman, H. ; Lichtenwalter, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 957. and earlier (back to 1914) references cited therein. 20) Kharasch, M. S. ; Fields, E. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 2316. mechanism involving an organoiron(I) intermediate, obtained by reduction of the Fe(III) precursor by the Grignard reagent, was suggested. The results of a few experiments carried out on a 30-40 mmol scale (Table 3) showed that such iron-catalyzed reactions would be useful in the synthesis of ole? ns, but a broader study to optimize them and to broaden the scope of their application was not undertaken. The coupling of vinylic Grignard reagents with alkyl halides is catalyzed also by Ag(I) salts. 8 Thus, cis-propenylmagnesium (21) Two later â€Å"historical notes†22,23 and two book chapters24,25 that dealt with the cross-coupling reactions of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides also did not cite the Kharasch/Fuchs paper. (22) Tamao, K. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 27. (23) Murahashi, S. -I. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 27. (24) Kochi, J. K. Organometallic Mechanisms and Catalysis; Academic Press: New York, 1978; Chapter 14, Sections III and IV. (25) Hou, S. ; Negishi, E. -i. In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry; Negishi, E. -i. , Ed. , Wile y: New York, 2002; Vol. 1,Chapter III. 2. 6, pp 335408.As a historical note, the following quotation from this reference (p 335) is of interest: â€Å"Although the reaction of Grignard reagents with organic halides was shown to be catalyzed by various late transition metal compounds (the Kharasch reaction) in the 1950s, it was not until the early 1970s that the applicability of this catalytic method was extended to the cross-coupling involving alkenyl and aryl halides catalyzed by Ag, Fe and other late transition metals. † (26) (a) Kochi, J. ; Tamura, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1487. (b) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. Synthesis, 1971, 303. (27) Full papers: (a) Neumann, S.M. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 599. (b) Smith, R. S. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 502. (c) Reviews: ref 24. (d) Kochi, J. K. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 11 (historical note). (28) (a) Whitesides, G. M. ; Casey, C. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 4541. (b) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. J. Am. Chem . Soc. 1971, 93, 1483. 1602 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Table 3. Alkenylation of Grignard Reagents using FeCl3 as Precatalyst (in THF)a R MgBr (amt, mmol) n-C6H13MgBr (40) CH2dCH(CH2)4MgBr (36) n-C6H13MgBr (40) a 1 R2Br (amt, mmol) CH2dCHBr (204) CH2dCHBr (102) CH3CHdCHBr (355)FeCl3 (amt, mmol) 0. 05 0. 05 0. 10 reacn temp,  °C 0 25 25 product (yield, %) n-C6H13CHdCH2 (83) CH2dCH(CH2)4CHdCH2 (64) n-C6H13CHdCHCH3 (67) (53/47 cis/trans mixture) Taken from: Synthesis 1971, 6, 303. Scheme 2 bromide reacted with methyl bromide in THF in the presence of an Ag(I) catalyst to give cis-butene-2, but a similar reaction of trans-propenylmagnesium bromide gave a 7:3 mixture of cisand trans-butene-2, respectively. 28b Apparently propenyl radicals were involved. A similar Grignard reagent based cross-coupling, ole? n synthesis in which a copper(I) catalyst was used was published by French workers. 9 Normant et al. reported that their reactions (e. g. , n-Bu(Et)CdCHI + i-PrMgCl in THF at -20  °C with a Cu(I) catalyst) proceeded with retention of con? guration. 29a For a reaction of CH3CHdC(CH3)MgCl with n-C3H7I in THF at 0  °C using CuI as catalyst, Linstrumelle reported that the coupling product obtained in 97% yield was 88% cis and 12% trans, while a similar reaction of CH2dC(CH3)MgBr with trans-n-C6H13CHdCHI gave a 4:1 trans/cis product. 29b TheuseofNi(II)catalystprecursorsforGrignardreagent-vinylic halide cross-coupling was reported in 1972 by Corriu and Masse30 and by Tamao, Sumitani, and Kumada. 1 The French group found Ni(II) acetylacetonate to be the most effective catalyst precursor, while the Japanese group favored a bis(tertiary phosphine)NiCl2 catalyst precursor and, especially, chelating diphosphine complexes such as (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)NiCl2. Reactions carried out in diethyl ether at re? ux generally gave excellent yields. This procedure has been carried out commercially on an industrial scale in the preparation of p-chloroand p-tert-butylstyrene. 3 2 Finally, the last to be discovered at that time and the most versatile procedure for the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents (29) (a) Normant, J. F. Commercon, A. ; Cahiez, G. ; Villieras, J. Compt. ? rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. , Ser. C 1974, 278, 967. (b) Derguini? Boumechal, F. ; Linstrumelle, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 3225. (30) Corriu, R. J. P. ; Masse, J. P. J. Chem. Soc. , Chem. Commun. 1972, 144. (31) (a) Tamao, K. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 1375. (b) See also ref 22. Later work: (c) Tamao, K. ; Kiso, Y. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9268. (d) Kiso, Y. ; Tamao, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1973, 50, C12. (e) Kiso, Y. ; Tamao, K. ; Miyake, N. ; Yamamoto, K. ; Kumada, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 974, (No. 1), 3. (f) Tamao, K. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kiso, Y. ; Zembayashi, M. ; Fujioka, A. ; Kodama, S. ; Nakajima, I. ; Minato, A. ; Kumada, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 1958. (g) Tamao, K. ; Kodama, S. ; Nakajima, I. ; K umada, M. ; Minato, A. ; Suzuki, K. Tetrahedron 1982, 38, 3347. (32) Banno, T. ; Hayakawa; Umeno, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 288. (33) (a) Yamamura, M. ; Moritani, I. ; Murahashi, S. -I. J. Organomet. Chem. 1975, 91, C39. Full paper: (b) Murahashi, S. -I. ; Yamamura, M. ; Yanagisawa, K. -i. ; Mita, N. ; Kondo, K. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 2408. (c) Historical note: ref 23. ith vinylic and aryl halides, that catalyzed by palladium complexes, was reported by Shun-Ichi Murahashi and coworkers in 1975. 33a The reactions were carried out in diethyl ether/benzene at room temperature using (Ph3P)4Pd as the catalyst precursor, and they proceeded stereospeci? cally in excellent yield (Scheme 2). Dang and Linstrumelle also used this procedure to prepare 1,3-dienes stereospeci? cally by the reaction of vinylic iodides with vinylic Grignard reagents. 34 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides has been a very active area in organic synthesis.Reference 25 reviews (up to 2002) its application in (alkenyl) MgX-ArX, ArMgX-(alkenyl)X, and (alkenyl)MgX-(alkenyl)X coupling processes. A further chapter in this book deals with ArMgX-Ar? X coupling. 35 Another surge of research activity on cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides started around the turn of the century and still appears to be in progress at the present time (January 2009). Interest has revived in the use of iron complexes as precatalysts for the cross- and homocoupling of Grignard reagents,36 since iron complexes are cheaper than those of palladium and are nontoxic.The iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of organomagnesium bromides with vinylic bromides, although it produced ole? ns in good yield, was of interest to Jay Kochi, as noted above, primarily from the point of view of its reaction mechanism rather than of its potential for application in organic synthesis. After some 25 years several research groups carried out much experimental work which has shown iron-c atalyzed cross-coupling and homocoupling of Grignard reagents to be broadly applicable and very useful additions to the methods of organic synthesis.In 1995 Gerard Cahiez, at the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie ? ? in Paris, during the course of his extensive investigations of organomanganese chemistry, found that the cross-coupling of vinylic bromides with alkyl, vinylic, and phenylmanganese chlorides could be effected in good yield in the presence of 3 mol % of iron(III) acetylacetonate in a THF/N-methyl-2pyrrolidinone (NMP) mixed solvent at room temperature. 37 In a thorough study, this reaction was extended to the crosscoupling of vinylic halides with alkylmagnesium halides using 1 mol % of Fe(acac)3 and the same solvent mixture. 8 High yields of ole? nic products were obtained. Successful crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with AcO(CH2)6CHdCHCl, CH3C(O)(CH2)3CHdCHCl, Cl(CH2)4CBrdCH2, 9, and 10 are noteworthy as examples of the selectivity and functional group tolerance of this reaction. The scope of this chemistry was extended further when some of Knochel’s functionally substituted aryl Grignard reagents17 (vide supra) were reacted with vinylic bromides and iodides. 39 The cross-coupling reaction between aryl Grignard reagents and vinylic bromides and iodides also was found by Cahiez and co-workers to give ole? ic products in good yield with Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1603 Table 4. Iron-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Reactions a Table 5. Iron-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents with Atmospheric Oxygen as Oxidanta a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13788. palladium or nickel precatalysts. 42 Of these procedures, that of Cahiez et al. 41f appears to be the most useful. Alkyl halide/ alkylmagnesium halide cross-coupling is not a practical process. 43 RMgX + R? X 9 R-R? + MgX2 8 [Fe] (8)Iron-catalyzed reactions of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl halides to give biaryls generally are not synthetically useful. The desired cross-co upling products are obtained in only poor yield, the main product being the homocoupled biaryl derived from the aryl Grignard reagent (eq 9) (recall the Gilman/ Lichtenwalter and Kharasch/Fields reactions, vide supra). ArMgX + Ar? X f Ar-Ar? + (low yield) (major Ar-Ar product) (9) a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9844. retention of geometric con? guration when carried out in THF solution in the presence of 10 mol % of MnCl2. 0 As noted above, Kharasch and Fuchs had found that attempts to cross-couple aryl Grignard reagents with alkyl halides in the presence of catalytic amounts of CoCl2 were unsuccessful. On the other hand, such reactions do occur in the presence of an iron precatalyst and various additives (eq 8, R? ) alkyl), as summarized in ref 36. A number of other groups have reported the results of their research directed toward development of an effective procedure for the process shown in eq 8, all using an iron precatalyst of one kind or another, various additives such as TMEDA, NMP, etc. nd generally diethyl ether (but sometimes THF) as solvent. 41 It is noteworthy that primary and secondary alkyl halides, i. e. , ones that contain hydrogen substituents on the carbon atom, can be cross-coupled with aryl Grignard reagents, a process that cannot be realized using (34) Dang, H. P. ; Linstrumelle, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 191. (35) Anastasia, L. ; Negishi, E. -i. Chapter II. 2. 5, pp 311-344, in ref 25. (To date palladium and nickel catalysts have been widely used to effect aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions. However, arylmagnesium halides were found to undergo cross-coupling with aryl halides that contain electron-withdrawing activating substituents ortho or para with respect to the halogen substituent in the presence of 10 mol % of manganese(II) chloride (eq 10). 44 Cyclohexyl and 2-methylpropenyl Grignard reagents reacted with such substituted halobenzenes in a similar manner. Very (36) (a) Cahiez, G. ; Duplais, C. â€Å"Iron-Catalyzed Re actions of Grignard Reagents†, Chapter 13, pp 594-630 in ref 16e. (b) Furstner, A. ; Leitner, ? A. ; Mendez, M. ; Kraus, H. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13856 (a long ? paper that brings an excellent discussion of the literature, of questions concerning mechanism, and original results). (c) Sherry, B. D. ; Furstner, ? A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1500. (37) Cahiez, G. ; Marquis, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1773. (38) Cahiez, G. ; Avedissian, H. Synthesis 1998, 1199. (39) Dohle, W. ; Kopp, F. ; Cahiez, G. ; Knochel, P. Synlett 2001, 1901. 1604 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Table 6. Manganese-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents with Atmospheric Oxygen as Oxidanta Scheme 4THF to a mixture of 3 mol % of FeF3  · 3H2O and 9 mol % of an N-heterocyclic carbene (SIPr  · HCl). In one example, chlorobenzene (1. 0 equiv) and p-CH3C6H4MgBr (1. 2 equiv) were added to this catalyst system and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60  °C for 1 day. The desired product, p -CH3C6H4-C6H5, was obtained in 98% yield. The homocoupling product, biphenyl, was present only in trace amount, while CH3C6H4C6H4CH3 was formed in 3% yield. Some examples of the application of this remarkable reaction are shown in Table 4. Good results were obtained only with aryl chlorides.Aryl bromides and iodides gave low biaryl yields. A German group reported similar MnCl2-catalyzed cross-coupling between various heterocyclic chlorides and aryl as well as alkyl Grignard reagents: e. g. , eq 11. 46 a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13788. The homocoupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents, mentioned earlier, also has received renewed attention recently, and synthetically useful procedures have resulted. Nagano and Hayashi developed a procedure in which the reaction is carried out in re? uxing diethyl ether in the presence of 1-5 mol % of FeCl3, NMP and 1. molar equiv of 1,2-dichloroethane (which serves as the oxidant). 47 Cahiez and co-workers have improved this procedu re by using THF as solvent, in which arylmagnesium halides, including the chlorides, are more easily prepared. 48 This procedure works well with Knochel’s functional arylmagnesium halides (Scheme 3). Of interest also is the clever construction of the tricyclic system 11 by intramolecular homocoupling (Scheme 4). (40) (a) Cahiez, G. ; Gager, O. ; Lecomte, F. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 5255. (b) Alami, M. ; Ramiandrasoa, P. ; Cahiez, G. Synlett 1998, 325. 41) A selection: (a) Martin, R. ; Furstner, A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. ? 2004, 43, 3955 (see also ref 36b and references cited therein). (b) Nagano, T. ; Hayashi, T. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1297. (c) Bedford, R. B. ; Bruce, D. W. ; Frost, R. M. ; Goodby, J. W. ; Hird, M. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2822. (d) Nakamura, N. ; Matsuo, K. ; Ito, S. ; Nakamura, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3686. (e) Bedford, R. B. ; Bruce, D. W. ; Frost, R. M. ; Hird, M. Chem. Commun. 2005, 4161. (f) Cahiez, G. ; Habiak, V. ; Duplais, C. ; Moyeux, A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4364. g) Cahiez, G. ; Duplais, C. ; Moyeux, A. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3253. (h) Guerinot, A. ; Reymond, S. ; Cossy, J. Angew. ? Chem. , Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6521. (42) However, Terao and Kambe have recently developed new Pd- and Ni-based precatalyst systems which avoid the problem of -elimination of primary and secondary alkyl groups: Terao, J. ; Kambe, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1545. (43) (a) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 31, 289. (b) Rollick, K. L. ; Nugent, W. A. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Organomet. Chem. 1982, 225, 279. (44) Cahiez, G. ; Lepifre, F. Ramiandrasoa, P. Synthesis 1999, 2138. (45) Hatakeyama, T. ; Nakamura, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9844. (46) Rueping, M. ; Ieawsuwan, W. Synlett 2007, 247. (47) Nagano, T. ; Hiyama, T. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 491. (48) Cahiez, G. ; Chaboche, C. ; Mahuteau-Betzer, F. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 1943. Scheme 3 special, but generally applicable, reaction conditions developed by Japanese workers45 have ? nally prov ided the possibility of clean aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions in which competitive homocoupling of the aryl Grignard reagent has been almost completely suppressed.In this procedure an active catalyst system was prepared by addition of 18 mol % of C2H5MgBr in Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1605 A further improvement resulted when it was found that atmospheric oxygen could replace the 1,2-dihaloethane as oxidant in the homocoupling of aryl, vinylic, and alkynyl Grignard reagents using either Fe or Mn catalyst precursors. 49 As Tables 5 and 6 show, this procedure gave excellent results. The most recent contribution to iron-catalyzed cross-coupling, which appeared during the preparation of the ? al draft of this paper, involves application of the old one-pot Barbier procedure in which FeCl3 served as precatalyst and stoichiometric amounts of magnesium turnings and TMEDA additive were used. A mixture of an alkyl and an aryl bromide was added to the mixture of precatalyst, TMEDA , magnesium, and solvent at 0  °C. Good yields of cross-coupled products were obtained. 50 There has been a great deal of activity in the areas of Grignard reagent/organic halide cross-coupling and aryl Grignard reagent homocoupling, and the coverage in this essay, whose focus is on the historical aspects, is far from exhaustive.Attention is called to the 2005 review by Frisch and Beller51 and especially (49) Cahiez, G. ; Moyeux, A. ; Buendia, J. ; Duplais, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13789. (50) Czaplik, W. M. ; Mayer, M. ; von Wangelin, A. J. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 607. (51) Frisch, A. C. ; Beller, M. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 674. to the recent Accounts of Chemical Research special issue on cross-coupling. 52 Since ? st reported in 1943, the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides, thanks to further development by many later workers, has become a broadly applicable, very useful reaction in organic synthesis. There is much more about Grign ard reagents that I have not covered: the various procedures used in their preparation, the mechanism of their formation (which is still controversial), the more complex organomagnesium compounds such as bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium, magnesium butadiene, and magnesium anthracene, and the many kinds of reactions that Grignard reagents have been reported to undergo.But this is only a short essay, and so I have been able to cover only a few selected topics, ones which I hope will be of interest to the reader. More information can be found in the books that I have cited earlier. 16 Acknowledgment. My thanks, as always, to Professor Arnold L. Rheingold for the cover ? gure. OM900088Z (52) Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, No. 11, 1439-1564, special issue. A collection of 11 reviews, many of them relevant to the subject matter of the present essay, with useful, up-to-date references.

How Useful Are Sources A to C To Explain Why The United States Became Involved In The War In Vietnam?

Sources A-C gives us some insight into why the USA fought and got involved in Vietnam and reveals a number of reasons about Vietnam. I shall be reviewing each source from which I have stated above. Sources A, B and C. Source A is a primary public speech made by President Johnson (Lyndon Baines Johnson) in April 1965 just one month after the start of ‘Operation Rolling Thunder' helping to stop communism according to the provenance. In the speech Johnson is stating in the source, I quote â€Å"We fight in Vietnam because we have a promise to keep†. By this statement indeed Johnson did want his opinions to be heard and notified by his fellow American citizens, so they shall believe every word that comes out of Johnson's mouth. This was due to a promise being made by President Eisenhower when he was elected president in the year of 1953. Lyndon Johnson wishes all the Americans to trust in what he is saying to be 100% truthful and is trying to carry on regarding the promise made by Eisenhower and earn everyone's respect. The ‘Truman Doctrine' was also mentioned about. This is a list of every American President who had been elected in year 1948 to agree with a various amount of promises which they written then had to sign. Truman Doctrine was a promise they were fighting for â€Å"promised to help when there are any threats of communism†. So Johnson decided he wanted to do the same thing, so he signed and agreed once president. In the year of 1954, President Eisenhower and JFK started transporting â€Å"advisers† as the first president Kennedy would have wanted. From the tone of Johnson's words in the speech, you can tell he jus maybe talking in a religious manner and might even be a religious person within the speech. President Lyndon Johnson wants to reassure every single American citizen about the â€Å"Domino Theory†. This was a theory of a mid-20th century foreign policy theory. The title ‘Domino' is given to this theory because it can end up like a stack of dominos. This is because if you let one country fall to communism then each over country around that county would then soon follow falling one to another and become communism itself and Johnson was petrified of this happening. Lyndon Johnson is trying to make everyone go and fight in the Vietnam War. As most of the American citizens believed this is what would eventually happen if just one country did fall to communism and it's why Johnson is trying to justify himself. In the year of 1945 nearly all of all the American leaders all offered to help and give their own support of the Vietnam War. President Eisenhower was a well respected and great general of the war. There was one thing which was expected to be achieved or aimed said by President Johnson in the speech, I quote â€Å"the independence of the South and the freedom of the people of South Vietnam to guide their own country in their own way'. The Americans also think that they're available to strengthen â€Å"world order† because the U.S.A as democratic wanting to stop communism. Although there were two countries that relied on the Americans if they were at any point attacked which were ‘Thailand' and ‘Berlin'. If Vietnam was left to fight for itself, then it would increasingly look terrible on some of the promises which the Americans agreed with, due to American's believing it was their duty and their own right to fight for Vietnam. Johnson implied, I quote â€Å"to leave Vietnam to its fate would shake the value of an American commitment and in the value of America's word. The result would be instability and unrest, and even wider war†. I could say this source is being very biased, due to because Johnson is only giving his own opinion on what the American citizens want to hear, whilst he is keeping his real thoughts inside and not expressing his personal opinions. The source can be seen quite useful, but has limitations, as I have stated, it's a public speech where Johnson isn't really voicing his truths about what he thinks of Vietnam. To look at Johnson's person views, then I can begin to study source B. Source B is a private primary speech made by President Johnson in May 1964 according to the provenance. At this point in time, Lyndon Baines Johnson was only just elected president. With Johnson being V.P. (Vice President) he knew a lot regarding Vietnam and knew how everything worked. Lyndon Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President in the years from and to 1963-1965. Johnson was one of the major leaders of the ‘Democratic Party'. Also Lyndon Johnson was the one who were in charge of creating the â€Å"Great Society†. President Lyndon Baines in this private speech is discussing a number of things which includes criticizing most of his very own American citizens. I quote â€Å"I don't think the people of our country know much about Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less†. From Johnson stating these words, he is blatantly calling most of the American citizens dumb, thick and lack of knowledge about the Vietnam. With Johnson saying this, he has a very low profile on the American citizens and implies that the U.S.A cannot win the war. In public no-one would use the word â€Å"hell† like Johnson did in the speech, due to it being a southern religious Texan society which always stayed faithful and don't appreciate foul language such as swearing. Speaking in Private Johnson doesn't care what he is implying and doesn't have to bite his tongue to try and stop himself from voicing his very own opinions like he does when speaking out in public. As Johnson knows that none of the American citizens shall hear what he really thinks about them. In this source President Johnson is really voicing his opinions. You know this by Johnson saying, I quote â€Å"I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles away from home, I don't think it's worth fighting for. What the hell is Vietnam worth to me?† Johnson is agreeing that the U.S.A need to stand up to communism, as Johnson is terrified of communism. Although, he is trying to get his personal views across which is stating Vietnam is not worth anything at all. It's like Lyndon Johnson isn't really concerned and couldn't care less about his people and about the Vietnam War. It's showing us that Johnson is scared and has fears of communism taking over the world as states and that the political consideration â€Å"Let's move on, let's go into the North† are just being selfish. We have to be very suspicious within this speech, as it hasn't been edited or tampered with and indeed if it's all whole trustworthy. Possibly was it taped? As it has been to believed that since President Johnson been president in the white house his office was monitored by everything that had been said by recorders. But is this really reliable and exactly what U.S.A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson really said? As I have stated before it can be edited in various ways making things sound different from what has actually been said, which could make this source a limitation. Source C is a secondary speech of a modern writer interview with Professor Noam Chomsky, an American critic of the war in October 1982 according to the provenance underneath the extract. The interview is talking about political reasons of the U.S.A and how they went to war which was to dominate Vietnam. Also to discontinue South Vietnam from independence and indeed there was an attack on South Vietnam from the U.S.A. Professor Noam Chomsky says, I quote, â€Å"The U.S. did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America. It feared that South Vietnam might be able to reform and improve itself – develop it's economy- and that might work†. Chomsky is being biased due to him being an anti-American, and is therefore being biased towards the American country. To sum up the conclusion of sources A-C all have value and limitations. In my view source B is most useful as it's a private speech where Johnson is criticizing most of his own American citizens by using negative comments and is saying what he really thinks about Vietnam along with the citizens plus America. Once this private speech with Johnson's personal opinions and views about Vietnam, the tape was then exposed to everyone. Therefore source B is definitely the most useful out of them all.