Pardee Lowe Father and Glorious Descendent :: Essays Papers

Pardee Lowe Father and Glorious Descendent Pardee Lowe penned his autobiography, Father and Glorious Descendent, in 1943. In the book, Lowe tells his story of growing up in the home of first generation Chinese immigrants. Throughout the book he relates the trials and tribulations endured by himself and his family in California, ranging from major events like the Great San Francisco earthquake at the beginning of the century to everyday occurrences like dealing with widespread racism in the white majority. In the end, the author relates his success in attending Stanford College and later attending one of our nations most prestigious business schools. In doing so, he presents an Asian-American success story that serves as a tribute to the spirit and culture of a people. During the time when the field of Asian-American studies began to emerge, many scholars looked back upon Asian works from the past to try and build a library of books to convey the experiences of early Asian immigrants. Father and Glorious Descendent was dismissed by many in the field as a â€Å"document of self contempt† and a â€Å"humiliating book† to the Chinese and thus it was dismissed in most academic circles. Lowe begins his book with the statement â€Å"I strongly suspect that my father’s life is a fraud,† but he does not mean this as a derogatory statement. Instead it is a subtle compliment to his father’s ability to amalgamate into a foreign culture and become successful. This mirrors the fact that the rest of the book is a tribute to the ability of a people to adapt to a foreign land without losing themselves or their culture. It is for this reason that I believe Father and Glorious Descendent deserves to be studied by today’s scholars and students. First, Pardee Lowe’s book is a compliment to the Chinese because it continually paints the first generation of immigrants in a very favorable light. This story is filled with numerous success stories of immigrants building large businesses and becoming reasonably successful. There are families that own laundries and others, like Lowe’s, that own large dry goods stores. The author never refers to these businessmen in a derogatory way and often he speaks of his childhood amazement at the wealth of some of these people. At no point does he attribute this wealth to a shedding of traditional Chinese ways or to a complete adoption of American attitudes either.

Customer Profitability Analysis Essay

Activity Based Costing (ABC) is best known for its appilcation in computing product costs, but firms also find it useful in determining the cost of serving customers and as a basis for evaluating the profitabilty of a specific customer or group of customers. Why is this important? Most managers agree that 80% of their profits come from the top 20% of their customers and most important, the bottom 20% of their customers are unprofitable. For example, to compete with Walmart,Best Buy works hard to attract profitable customers and equally hard to discourage the unprofitable customers which those that are price shopping and looking for discounts and promotions and comparing prices to Walmart. Best Buy studies demographic and sales data for each store location to identify profitable and unprofitable customers. Customer profitabilty analysis idetifies customer service activities and cost drivers and determines the profitability of each customer or customer group. Here, customer service include all activities to complete the sale and satisfy the customer including advertising, sales calls, delivery, billing, collection, service calls, inquiries and other forms of customer service. Customer profitability analysis allow managers to: Identify most profitable customers Manage each customer’s cost-to-serve Introduce profitable new products and services Discontinue unprofitable products, services or customers Shift a costomer’s purchase mix toward higher-margin products and service lines Offer discounts to gain more volume with low costs-to-serve customers Choose types of after-sale services to provide How to calculate Customer Profitability Analysis The first step of CPA is to create a simple model of revenue by customer on the one hand, and total business unit costs and overheads on the other. Second, subtract the direct product and service costs from each customer (costs of good sold/cost of sales) to arrive at a gross margin per customer. Third, it should be possible to identify other costs specific to the customer such as a particular sales campaign or servicing and retention  costs. Orders of magnitude will do rather than getting hung up on 100% accuracy. Be consistent if applying any proxy. Fourth, sort customers by net profit and draw a cumulative profitability curve staring with the most profitable to the least. This is an effective way to visualize the relative profitability of customers and it soon becomes apparent which customers are critical to the business. Fifth, before taking any decision on non-profitable customers, make sure that you have strong retention activities in place to secure your most valuable customers. Sixth, get behind the real reasons why some customers are unprofitable and determine the appropriate strategies and tactics to enhance the profitability of your customer portfolio. Thought about sacking customers, should be put to one side until you have gained a clear understanding of the reasons. As we’ve seen there are lots of reasons for being unprofitable, and it is important to think ahead to potential value over time, not just recent history. (Six step to Customer Profitability Analysis, 2007) A good understanding of the profitabilty of a firm’s current and potential customers can help firms improve overall profits and become more competitive. This begins with an analysis of the cost to serve the customer. Customer Cost Analysis Not all customers require similar activities either before or after sales. Examples of customer-specific activities include: Order processing costs Billing, collection and payment processing costs Account receivable and carrying costs Customer service costs Selling and marketing costs Customer cost analysis is the process of identifying the activities and cost drivers related to servicing customers. Traditionally these costs are hidden in the customer support, marketing and sales function. Activity based costing can help managers to understand their costs to serve costomers. Different activities often have different cost drivers. Based on the activities and cost drivers involved in services performed to acquire and compelete a transaction, customer costs can be classified into the following  categories: Customer unit-level cost – resources consumed for each unit sold to a customer. Examples include sales commission based on the number of units sold or sales dollars, shipping cost when the freight charge is based on the number of units shipped and cost of restocking each returned unit. Customer batch-level cost – resources consumed for each sales transaction. Examples include order-processing costs, invoicing costs and recording of sales returns or allowances every time a return or allowance is granted. Customer-sustaining cost – resources consumed to service a customer regardless of the number of units or batches sold. Examples are salespersons’ travel costs to visit customers, monthly statement processing costs and collecti on costs for late payments. Distribution-channel cost – resources consumed in each distribution channel the firm uses to service customers. Examples are operating costs of regional warehouses that serve major customers and centralized distribution centers that serve small retail outlets. Sales-sustaining cost – resources consumed to sustain sales and service activities that cannot be traced to an individual unit, batch, customer or distribution channel. Examples are general corporate expenditures for sales activity and the salary, fringe benefits and onus of the general sales manager. Customers profitability analysis provides valuable information to the assessment of customer value. In addition, firm must weigh other relevant factors before determining the action appropriate for each customers. The folllowing are among these relevant factors: Growth potential of the customer, the customer’s industry and its cross selling potential Possible reactions of the customers to changes in sales terms or sevices Importance of having the firm as a customer for future sales references especially when the customer could play a vital role in bringing in additional business. Customer Lifetime Value Many companies now see the impotance of looking at the long term value of the customers, the expected contribution to profit during the full period the company retains the customers. This concept is called customer lifetime value ( CLV), and it is calculated as the net present value of estimated future profits from the customer for a specified time, which may be three or five years. Present value is used because the profits from the customer are expected to occur over a number of years. To provide a more comprehensive  and strategically relevant measure of the value of the customer, CLV takes into account the company’s expectations about the future potential growth in profits for a customer. CLV can be used to measure the value of a customer or group of customers and to determine how marketing and support services should be allocated to these customers to improve the firm’s overall profitability. Since there is a significant level of judgment involved in estimating th e variables in the calculation. It is also important to compare different calculations of CLV made with different assumptions about profit forecasts and discount rates. It have three types of potentially unprofitable customer who might be retained: New and growing customers, who promise profitable business in the future and may provide a stepping stone for penetratig lucrative new markets Customers providing qualitative rather than financial benefits including customers at the edge in the development of new markets who provide valuable insights into likely trend movements in consumer demand Customers providing increased capability because of their status as recognised leaders in their markets or field of expertise. Thus, where customer profitability analysis reveals that a particular customer is unprofitable, it does not necessarily follow that this customer should be eliminated. Nor does it follow that the customer must be persuaded to accept terms and cindition will rwduce the customer’s level of satisfaction. Negotiations with customers might well reveals that less frequent deliveris would actually benefit the customers without causing cos tky stockpiles. Clearly, there is scope for negotiating with customers to influence their behaviour without compromising the customer’s level of satisfaction. Some aspects of improved negotiation might include: Non-cash incentives from sunk-cost investments for example sponsoring a season of a major cultural events primarily yields advertising benefits however seats in the accompanying corporate boxes might also yield enticing customer incentives. Similarly, a company’s accumulated frequent-flyer points may perhaps be spent on customers new or existing Restructure of delivery runs to create a more timely but less frequent service for the customer Capacity maximization on delivery runs that are required for profitable customers by offering a more frequent service for the potentially unprofitable customers with unpredictable demands Purchase of equipment on behalf of customers which they can use rent-free, in lieu of discounts or agent’s commissions. The  cash saved on reduced discounts potentially should exceed the cost of the assets. Additionally, ownership is retained and a stronger bond is forged with the customer thereby generating greater negotiating power in future Free short-term financial advice which will create efficiencies for the customer leading to reduced internal workload and consumption of resources New products at no cost in return for reduced discounts to serve a dual purpose, improving customer profitability while providing a useful vehicle for the promotion of new products A trade-off between quantity discounts and settlement discounts that minimizes the costs of cash overdraft and maixmizes long-run production scheduling The overriding consideration with a customer profitabilty analysis is that management will at least be armed with information about unprofitable customers and can focus attention on developing those innovations or strategoes that might reduce the lack of profits of a particular customer wi thout reducing that customer’s satisfaction. Alternatively provided a shift of thinking is possible, management can restructure the manufacturing process that will ultimately lead to a shift in the rsults of a customer’s profitability. The role of mechanics of activity based costing in developing a customer profitabilty analysis should not be underestimated with activity based costing, a general ledger amounts are dissected, making the assignment of costs to customer easier. In particular, the associated on costs of employing sales staff and motor vehicles would be analysed in detail and be readily available. This would embrace vehicle operating costs as well as fringe benefits and payroll tax, holiday and long service leave entitlements, worker’s compensation insurance, mobile telephone and training costs. Several of these items might conveniently be omitted from non avtivity based costing customer profitability analysis because of the complex analysis required to divide the general ledger amounts between the activities of different salesperson. Why Calculate Customer Profitability? The reasons why we calculate customer profitability is to help the company to improve its cost performance and also for manager to make decision about which customer or market channel to focus on. Besides, to improve the profitability by eliminating non-profitable customers and maximizing sales or services to profitable customers. Also act as an understanding of the  true costs of each segments including taking into account non-production costs when determine profitability. Definition and concept Customer profitability analysis based on the recognition that each customer is different. Therefore each dollar of revenue or each dollar of cost generated by the customers does not contribute equally to a company’s profitability. The general approach to customer profitability is based on the segmenting that customer base to determine the revenues and costs contribute to each segment. This is often combined with an Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach. ABC is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activities with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. Traditional cost accounting often supports a 20-80 rule that 20% of the largest customers, who purchase the most products, contribute 80% of the profits. Using ABC, analysis have often found that 20% of the customers generated 300% of the profits. The remaining 80% of the customers are actually unprofitable and can result in loss of 200% of the profits (Good Practice Guideline 2002, pg 21). Once the profitability and non-profitability segments are identified, profitability segments are maximized while non-profitability segment are reduced or eliminate. Based on the diagram above, basically there are two basic approaches to customer segmentation, for example demographic which could be categories into geographic area, customer age, gender, and income level. Second approach is psychographic which include customer values, attitude and customer interest, Once customer segmentation have been identified, the annual revenue is being calculated per segment. How this is done will depend on the product or service offered by the company, Discount, service fee should be included to determine the true amount of the revenue generated, Next, annual cost is calculated per segment. This will involve directly attributable product or services cost including overhead cost and ABC approach is the most effective way to allocate the cost. Profitable customer is equal to annual revenue exceed annual cost. And non-profitable customer is equal to annual cost exceed annual revenue. However, this will involve more accurate analysis to determine this. As for pr ofitable customer, it  need more detail planning to develop long term customer relationship to increase the revenue. Therefore, customer retention and loyalty program are needed The ability to determine customer profitability on an individual basis can add value to the company customer relationship. The customer can be helped to reduce its costs and the company can become more profitable. (Good Practice Guideline 2002, pg 22). However, for least profitable or non-profitable customer, there are two options of action: Eliminate – ceasing to supply these customer. This can be done by no longer marketing or raising the price, or even change the product. Re-engineering – turning the least profitable or non-profitable customer into profitable customer by decreasing the costs and increasing revenue. For example, using differential prices. With a new understanding of which customers were profitable and which were not, Kanthal become dedicated to turning unprofitable customers into profitable ones. The company developed ways to retain the customers and decrease their administrative and selling costs (Kaplan and Cooper 1998:188). In short terms Kanthal tried the following: reduce the size of its product lines, accept orders only for stocked items use external distributors to reduce the cost of small accounts, change compensation to salesmen to emphasis profit rather than only sales volume, and engineer to reduce set-up times and improve operational efficiencies. (Good Proactice Guideline 2002, pg 21) Last step is to implement new strategies, example changes in pricing, cost reduction should be reviewed to determine the impact on customer profitability. Recently, many companies have learn to understand the causal relationsip between employess and customers and the impact on revenue growth and firm profitability (Epstein, 2000). Customer performance measure is measurement used by organization to measure the revenue growth and firm profitability through market share, customer acqui sition, retention, satisfaction and customer profitability. CUSTOMER MEASURE DEFINITION Market share Reflects the proportion of business in a given market (in terms of number of customers, dollars spent, or unit volume sold) that a business unit sells. Customer acquisition Measures in absolute or relative terms, the rate at which a business unit attracts or wins new customers or business. Customer retention Tracks in absolute or relative terms the rate at which a business unit retains or maintains ongoing relationship with its customers. Customer satisfaction Assesses the satisfaction level of customers along specific performance criteria within te value proposition. Customer profitability Measures the net profit of a customer, or a segment, after allowing for the unique expenses required to support that customer (Epstein, 2000) Market share can be defined as the percentage of all sales within a market that is held by one brand / product or company. Market share can be measured in several ways. However, the two most important measures are by sales revenue and sales volume (the number of units sold). These are to analyze the impact of their own actions on market shares, as well as their profit implications. Lacking such knowledge, one might be tempted to oversimplify the cause-and-effect relationships between market shares and marketing variables, or to equate market shares to profitability (a not unusual tendency even among seasoned businessmen). Many individuals in business indeed keep a close watch over day-by-day changes in market shares, so much so that market-share movement to them is almost synonymous to market information (Cooper, 2010). By comparing the profit obtained from various market share the organization may identify which market share gives more profit and should be focus on those customer desire and wich customer gives less profit and the organization may choose either to improve their product/ service or lowering te product/ service on that market share. Characteristics of new, loyal and lost customers are particularly important for companies to understand. Marketing analysts group customers into segments of recent new purchasers, high-volume purchasers and non-purchasers using customer transaction data, and analyze the resulting segments to identify their common characteristics. Attributes of new customers provide a good appearance of a company’s likely acquisition target market. Similarly, characteristics of lost customers may define less desirable market segments, or may reveal problems in customer service or product satisfaction. Improvements in retention programs are saving companies significant time and money – keeping existing customers buying is much less expensive than  acquiring new customers (Customer Acquisition, Retention and Attrition Analysis, 2014) Measurement that will show the situation of business are : The number of new customers per quarter of year Total sales to new customers per quarter of year Sales to new customer as a proportion of total sales When business is good marketers can afford to take an evolutionary approach to customer acquisition and retention by continually optimizing branding, creative, advertising mix, and offer strategy. But during challenging business situations, an evolutionary approach is bound to yield underwhelming results (Customer Acquisition & Retention, 2014). The difference in sales in a market share from year to year, will act as indicator to the organization regarding percentage of new customers obtained or lost customers. Customer retention is the ongoing customer relationship that yields revenues from the sale of additional products or services. The revenues become more profitable as the customer becomes easier to serve. Since the customer is buying again it is assumed that less sales effort is required, customer service costs decrease, and the costs of acquiring customers decline. Customer loyalty encompass customer retention but also includes the customers’ recommendation of the produ ct or service to other potential customer. As for example, word of mouth recommendation is important to Southwest Airlines, whose reservation system has never been accessible to travel agents. It has relied on advertising and customer loyalty to spread its message to potential customers. The airlines which began flying in 1971, has consistently been profitable. Convinced that customer loyalty is a important factor in increasing profitability than is market share, Southwest Airlines strives to build customer loyalty by providing at low fares dependable, frequent service over relatively short routes, delivered by friendly employees (Epstein, 2000). Measures of customer loyalty were selected because they reflected both length (retention) and depth (cross sell) of the bank-customer relationship. Length of relationship is reported by both division-reported customer retention rates (percentage of customers who remained customers during 1993) and mean customer-reported relationship tenure. Relationship depth is measured by division cross-sell rates, which record the percentage of customer  households with multiple accounts (account cross sell) or multiple services (service cros s sell) (Hallowell, 1996). Companies are very aware that acquiring a new customer is more expensive than retaining an existing one, so companies cannot afford to lose customers due to poor service at the contact center level. The contact center must be viewed as an essential extension of the company, and an important part of the brand experience. Therefore, ensuring that the experience is pleasant, efficient, and satisfies the customer’s need is crucial to success. The most common method for measuring customer satisfaction is through surveys, either during or after the call. While this method provides some intelligence around the customer experience, it doesn’t offer the most accurate view of customer satisfaction. This is due to the small sample size and the fact that the only questions asked are those deemed important by the enterprise. Surveys also lack detail, such as which of a customer’s experience with your company caused the review, which agent handled the interaction and what was the root cause of a dissatisfied call. Lacking this critical information, enacting meaningful change is extremely challenging. Without the use of speech analytics, contact center operators are left w ith an incomplete view of customer satisfaction and a disconnect between the scores they receive and the actions that caused the scores. Speech analytics uncovers the reality of what happened during a call, enabling companies to improve the business processes and agent behaviors most affecting the customer’s experience. Nexidia’s Managed Analytic Services team uses speech analytics technology to locate the agent behaviors and business process that have the greatest impact on the customer. As example, the team first begins by identifying the calls which contain sentiments of dissatisfaction. By building searches that contain words such as â€Å"unhappy,† â€Å"speak to a manager† or â€Å"frustrating,† the team creates a category of calls in which the customer seemed upset, or the call escalated. More refined searches such as â€Å"this is the xth time I’ve called,† or â€Å"my hold time was excessive† will yield further insight. The team drills into this category of calls to create sub-categories. These sub-categories show which types of calls most often contain frustration, such as billing calls or calls for technical assistance. The team also identifies which agents have the most dissatisfied calls and compares the percentage of these calls to total volume. The second step in evaluating  customer satisfaction begins by identifying behaviors and processes that typically cause customers to become upset. These include excessive transfers, requests for call backs, and long non-talk times. The team creates call categories which contain these issues, providing a foundation for performing root cause analysis. Studying the root cause arms companies with the information needed to understand why these â€Å"trigger† events occur, and what steps can be taken to prevent them. As behaviors and processes are modified, monitoring customer satisfaction becomes a continuous cycle, thus ensuring maximum return on investment. (Nexidia Managed Analytic Services, 2010) The relationship of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction can be seen in the following categorization of customers; it is important to understand fully the environment which the customer is working, as extrinsic factors may drive them from one category to another: Apostles. Customer who are loyal and satisfied and recommend the service to others. Mercenaries. Customers who may switch service suppliers to obtain lower price, but are highly satisfied. Hostages. Customer who are highly dissatisfied but have few or no alternative. Terrorists. Customers who have alternatives and use them, and also try to convert other customers by expressing their dissatisfaction (Epstein, 2000). Customer profitability of a various group of customer may be identify by measuring the profit gain by a group of customer from year to year. Profitability measures were determined based on their hypothesized relationship to customer satisfaction and loyalty. Both of the measures used, ROA and NIE/Rev (non-interest expense as a percentage of total revenue), reflect profit at the individual division. See Roth (1993) for an analysis of similar performance measures in service firms. Given the intent of this study, NIE/Rev is preferred to ROA as a more appropriate measure of profitability. Retail bank profit can be separated into, first, the results of operations (revenue-enhancing as well as cost-incurring) which influence expenses and revenues that are not sensitive to interest rates, and second, treasury activities, which influence interest-sensitive costs and revenues. This paper addresses primarily non-interest-sensitive components of profitability, hypothesized to relate to customer loyalty. ROA contains both interest-sensitive and non-interest-sensitive components, while NIE/Rev is generated only from non-interest-sensitive costs (the revenue portion of NIE/Rev may be somewhat  related to customer-relevant interest rates). Appendix 1 discusses ROA, NIE/Rev and the other measures used in more detail (Hallowell, 1996). By comparing the profit of different group of customer, the difference amount of profit will act as indicator which group of customer that gives high profit and low profit. Other than that, customer profitability may be determined by other tools of measuring customer performance such as market share, customer acquisition, retention,and customer satisfaction. Five reasons why customers can be unprofitable. They are: (Six step to Customer Profitability Analysis, 2007) 1. The sales force is under continual pressure to close deals and offers discounts to secure business within the sales period. 2. Pricing errors due to incorrect estimates of time. 3. A one-size-fits-all approach to serving customers leading to over servicing where the business levels does not justify it. 4. Loss leaders are offered to customers who always shop around for a deal, in the expectation that profit will be recovered over the lifetime of the customer. 5. The connection between customers and costs is not made and over time some become a greater drain on resources. Conclusion Customer profitability analysis provides a method to help firms see and understand the profitability of their customers. It takes effort and management sponsorship to make it feasible and worthwhile. It is a method and not an end in itself, but without it that investment in slick technology might not be such a good idea, if it only speeds up your ability to attract the wrong customers. Your allocation of resources to customers may also be based on erroneous information. If you have this understanding it uncovers new options for profitable growth and can help you work out which customers to attract, which to really hang on to at maybe greater cost. To help decide which to grow, CPA must be augmented with an understanding of potential lifetime value. It is recommended that Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) be measured through Activity Based Costing. There are various group of customer, therefore it would be better to differentiate them through segmenting b demographic or goegraphic or so on, to make it easier to recognised which group of customer that gives high/low profit, and which of  the customers should be focus on, eliminate or re-engineering. Other than that, CPA may be measured by analyzing the customer performance measure of market share, Customer acquisition, retention, and customer satisfaction. Increase in Customer Profitability might be caused by increase in market share, customer retention which wil lead to increase in customer acquisition and probably increase in customer satisfaction. REFERENCES Cooper, L. G. (2010). Market Share Analysis , 1. Customer Acquisition & Retention. (2014). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Lenati: http://www.lenati.com/our-expertise/customer-acquisition-retention Customer Acquisition, Retention and Attrition Analysis. (2014). Retrieved October 23, 2104, from Microstrategy: Best in Business Intelligence: http://www2.microstrategy.com/download/files/Solutions/byDepartment/CRM/Customer_Acquisition.pdf Dikoli, M. S. (1995). Customer Profitabilit Analysis: An ABC Approach. 5. Epstein, M. J. (2000). Management Accounting Guideline. Customer profitability analysis , 8. Faculty of Finance and Management. (2002). Customer Profitability Analysis , 36. Nexidia Managed Analytic Services. (2010). Customer Satisfaction Analysis , 2. Six step to Customer Profitability Analysis. (2007, May 7). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Accounting Web: http://www.accountingweb.com/topic/six-steps-customer-profitability-analysis

What is Privacy Essay - 1885 Words

Privacy is an incredibly elusive concept, partly because no one can agree on what constitutes an invasion of privacy. One famous publication in the 1890 edition of the Harvard Law Review defines privacy as â€Å"...the right to be let alone† (Warren). While this suffices for a cursory look at the definition of privacy, a closer look reveals that it is still very vague (the latter portion of the journal reiterates this). Specifically, it does not address breach of privacy, a concept that is still disagreed upon today. There are many different interpretations as to what constitutes an invasion of privacy. All humans have some desire for privacy, but people have different boundaries to what information about them should be private. Problems†¦show more content†¦The Court sided with Katz, establishing an important decision for privacy in the legal spectrum. This decision was that if an individual has sufficient reason to believe that his/her conversation will be private, then it is protected from unreasonable search and seizure (Katz). This case had profound effects on the legal definition of privacy. Later court cases were to use similar reasoning to Katz v United States in order to get a decision. Another case in which legal boundaries on privacy were further defined was that of Kyllo v United States. Authorities suspected Danny Lee Kyllo of growing marijuana indoors. In order to verify this, they used a thermal imaging device to monitor Kyllos home. Thermal imaging devices work by detecting light emitted on the infrared spectrum, so that the user can get a visual representation of heat being emitted from a scene. This can be used to detect indoor marijuana growing operations, since marijuana plants require a lot of light. In contrast to the rest of the house, the room with the abundance of lights will emit an unusual amount of heat. Upon scanning Kyllos house, authorities found that a large amount of heat was radiating from the garage. With this information, they were able to obtain a warrant and search Kyllos home. Kyllo later brought this case to court,Show MoreRelatedPrivacy, What Is It?1313 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy, what is it? â€Å"users don’t fully understand the scope of the data that is being collected on them — or how small amounts of data can be used to create a much more detailed portrait when matched with information from third-party sites that collect and share various types of customer information with each other† (Smith 2014). What do you think when you put your personal information into a website? Will it be sold to others or will it send you scams? Privacy is the state or condition of beingRead MoreWhat Are Privacy Rights?2093 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are privacy rights? â€Å"Privacy helps the person to be autonomous, unique, and original. People power of sharing or hiding the information about themselves (Hari, M., 2011).† In my opinion privacy rights are the rights an individual has that they do not want anyone else to know. It may be the right to be left alone and not bothered, to make personal decisions of one’s own individual matters, or just not be an open book. It is to be yourself without judgment of others and it is to protect people’sRead MoreWhat Is This Privacy Policy For?1329 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is this Privacy Policy for? The strategy sets out the diverse zones where client security is concerned and diagrams the commitments and prerequisites of the clients, the site and site proprietors. Moreover the way this site procedures, stores and secures client information and data will likewise be definite inside this approach. The Website This site and its proprietors take a proactive way to deal with client security and guarantee the essential strides are taken to ensure the protectionRead MoreWhat Is The Privacy Policy Of Amfsoiree. Org?918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Privacy Policy of amfsoiree.org shows our firm commitment to respecting the privacy concerning the personal information divulged by those visiting our website. We strictly adhere to the following stringent practices: Protecting the client’s privacy is our main aim and we can show you how we do this in the way we collect and use information provided by you as well as assist users. We strive to constantly update our policy in keeping with new technologies and customer requirements. (-- removedRead More Online Privacy at What Cost Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Privacy at What Cost When the constitution was written over two hundred years ago, our founding fathers probably did not have the Internet in mind. Since then, United States citizen along with their elected officials have tried to keep the rights of each American sacred, no matter what the cost. The major right that has been fought over since the dawn of the USA, has been that of the freedom of speech. Now, with the beginning of the twenty-first century, a new freedom of speech is againRead MoreWhat s Your Privacy Worth You?812 Words   |  4 Pages What’s Your Privacy Worth to You? Maeson Hayes Mrs. Marlow English 2A 12/17/16 Recent scandals involving the NSA and reports about the government’s use of surveillance technology have called the current ethics of maintaining public security into question. These events have caused us to ask what our privacy is worth in an age of global terrorism. Orwell’s warning that totalitarian regimes’ reliance on surveillance and the invasion of privacy to restrict individual freedom and endanger citizensRead MorePrivacy Over Security : What Is More Important?1756 Words   |  8 PagesRaul A Serrano Hernandez Instructor: Andrew Scott CSC 300 25 September 2016 Privacy Over Security: What is More Important? According to Bonnie Berkowitz, Lazaro Gamio, Denise Lu, Kevin Uhrmacher and Todd Lindeman in the article â€Å"The Math of Mass Shooting† published in the Washington Post, â€Å"from august 1, 1966 to July 27, 2016, 874 people have been victims of mass shooting in the United States.† There is no doubt that with such a high rate of death people in the U.S are afraid of terrorismRead MorePrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They 1743 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They Compromised? Introduction A social networking site can be defined as a website where people can network, and communicate with another. These websites are designed solely for the purpose of communities being made, whether you want to re-connect with an old high school friend, or whether you just want to make some friends online in general. Social networking sites have revolutionised communication, and are now one of theRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For Our Privacy, And Our Wallet?1699 Words   |  7 Pagespossible in our society today but, we find ourselves pressured to get â€Å"savers cards.† While modern businesses, was never really able to track who we were or what we were buying in efforts to be able to better serve us and become more efficient. While it’s great for companies implementing these policies, what does this really mean for our privacy, and our wallet? Our lives have truly become electronically based. We can access our banking information though the internet, setup all-kindsRead MoreWhat I Have Learned About Privacy And Security1476 Words   |  6 PagesI have had the opportunity to observe and actually do several of the tasks of the ROI department. In the classroom, we discussed HIPAA regulations when it comes to ROI functions, however; actually seeing it in practice reinforces what I was taught in class about privacy and security. ROI is a very complex process; a person needs to be mindful when releasing patient’s personal health information and that all requests submitted are HIPAA compliant. There are two authorization forms one that is for

A Good Home - 1215 Words

â€Å"For most of my life all I have ever seen is boxes. Brown, dull and slightly soggy boxes. That day was no different, just another moving day. But this time, Tess swore to me that things would change, but these things seemed to happen every few months. As always the last of the boxes and myself were packed into the car, leaving only a small space for Tess in the drivers’ seat. â€Å"Adria, I promise that this will be the last time we have to do something like this. We’ll get you a good home.† Tess had said about halfway through our car ride. ‘Just like you promised last time, and the time before that.’ I wanted to say, but held my tongue at the time. I had lost sight of a ‘good home’ a long time ago. It had been years since I have had a ‘home’, I’ve only ever been in houses that were filled with drunks and drug addicts that somehow found themselves looking after a foster kid like me. My parents were the same from the little I remember about them, always sitting around, out of their own minds half the time or past out drunk on the floor. When I was about nine a social worker came to my house, and a few weeks later I was being move into foster care. Pulled away from my two little brothers who were placed with a family who moved to Western Australia. Tess, my social worker asked the family if they would take me as well, but they only wanted boys. I’m happy for them though; they were given to a nice family who have kept them in their homes for the past eight years, with goodShow MoreRelatedSporting Goods, The Home Of The Sporting Good Items1620 Words   |  7 PagesDicks Sporting goods, the home of the sporting good items in the Pittsburgh area. As I say that about Pittsburgh, from Cincinnati to here, there is a million more in this are than any other because it is also the head quarters for the company located in Coraopolis. Dicks is a sporting good retailor, holding a broad range of sporting good equipment, apparel and footwear. In the financial year 2015 the company recorded revenues of $6,814.5 million. This is a 9.7% increase since the 2014 year. TheRead MoreHome Schooling Is A Good Idea880 Words   |  4 Pages You may be asking yourself, how did home schooling begin? What was it like? Well, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s home schooling began to spark. A few parents question whether public or privat e school was right for their child. They were thinking they could do a better job. Well, what do you know; parents learned they could do a better job. However, some states, prohibited home schooling. If parents or guardians were home schooling, they could face jail time as well as losing their children to theRead MoreThe Good Doctor Back Home1488 Words   |  6 Pagesboys is precisely what you need!† Those were the exact words her father had given her right before he shipped her off here. Sure, being so far from home was a real treat indeed, but the Grand Isles of New Orleans brought more pain than they did anything else. Being this close to the ocean made her homesick for a place that was never hers to call home anyways. She knew remembering that marvelous land of magic and mayhem was almost as fruitless as remembering him and all he had taught her there. SheRead MoreBuying A Home Is A Good Decision?1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdecided you are ready to take the plunge into home ownership, now what? In today’s market, is investing in real estate still a good decision? Buying a home is a huge responsibility. The first thing someone needs to decide whether purchasing a home is right for them. People must evaluate their goals for the next thirty or so years and see if home ownership fits in with their goals. Are they tired of wasting all their money on rent? Or do they see home ownership proof of their independence? Some peopleRead MoreFinding A Good Home Loan Calculator Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesMost home improvement projects tend to stretch the wallets of the average homeowner, and so whether you are hiring a contractor or doing it yourself, you will need to use a home loan calculator to calculate the amount of a home improvement loan you will most likely need for your project. There are many online home loan calculators out there to help you estimate the cost of your project. Knowing how much the project will cost is only the first step, however, as home improvement projects have becomeRead MoreMy Experience At Home Enjoying Good984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe internet I will meet people from all over the world that I could not have met in any local place. Personally, I enjoy spending time at home enjoying good company with nice conversation, maybe watching some TV/movies or go bowling, I grew up out in the country so I have nothing against fishing or camping. I like to go out, have a good time, meet with some good company. I like to try to live life to the fullest to see what the day or night has in store. I really believe that there is the perfectRead MoreOld Age Home Is Good or Bad3827 Words   |  16 PagesTechnology-integration in Old Age Homes in India A Status Paper Sugan Bhatia, Ph.D. President Indian University Association for Continuing Education Delhi 1.1 The elderly (aged 60 years and above) in India account for more than 9 percent of the total population. The National Population Commission estimated that the population of the elderly is expected to grow from 71 million in 2001 to 173 million in 2026. This demographic scenario appears to indicate a very precarious condition for the older personsRead MoreBenefits Of Developing Good Home School Connections844 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several benefits to developing good home-school connections. When communication between parents and teachers are made, it has been found that students are more successful and happier (Jensen, 2006). By building home-school connections, teacher relationships with both students and parents improved (Stetson, Stetson, Sinclair Nix, 2012). Teachers can observe students outside of a school context, and parents can also view teachers from another perspective. F urthermore, knowing students Read More The anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will877 Words   |  4 PagesThe anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be examined with respect to color Flannery O’Conner – Color Connotations The anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be examined with respect to color connotation and imagery. This essay will discuss how colors affect the reader’s abstract senses and emotions. Colors are also used to suggest the nature of the piece and characters within. Various cultures perceive colors differently which Read MoreGood Will Hunting and Bell Hooks Keeping Close to Home Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagespicture Good Will Hunting and an essay by an author Bell Hooks entitled Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education. Both of these accounts tell of a struggle that the protagonist character in the story had to deal with. Each of these charters comes from similar backgrounds but one deals with emotional conflict while the other character deals with the problem of economic classification. In either way each of these selections both deal with the struggles of an higher education. In Good Will Hunting

Group Minds - 1068 Words

Brandon L. Locklear Deana Johnson ENG1050 July 9, 2012 Dismissing your own individual opinions to reach group consensus, now that’s negative peer pressure! Peer pressure will always be a problem and can affect anyone. I say that because no matter where you’re from or who you are, peer pressure is lurking about. Anytime you’re pressured to do something and your conscience is telling you not to do it, and you follow through with the task anyway, that is dismissing your opinion just to please other group members. Not wanting to be ostracized by others is the basis of conformity. Peer pressure doesn’t discriminate against race, nationality, or social class. It’s like a plague waiting to spread like wildfire throughout your school, your†¦show more content†¦Lessing pronounces â€Å"the majority in the group-according to instruction will assert stubbornly that these two shapes or lengths are the same length, or size, while the solitary individual, or the couple, who have been so instruc ted will assert that the pieces of wood or whatever are different.† I am completely on one-accord with Lessing’s example. Lessing demonstrates that the majority will intimidate the minority group and have the minority group strayed away from their opinion, hence conformity. That is typical human behavior and Lessing clearly proves her point. For example: Four people are determining whether or not the color of a flower is pink or fuchsia. The majority group says the flower is pink, while the minority group says the color is fuchsia. The majority group is stubborn, and refuses to accept that the color is fuchsia and insist that the color is pink; meanwhile, the minority group soon after conforms, leading up to the dismissal of their own individual opinion. In consequence, Lessing is a remarkable writer and role model. She demonstrates eye-opening evidence about typical human behavior. I predict that the negative effects of peer pressure will never change for the better unless; more people want to make a change. Creating organizations like â€Å"Live above the Influence† will always fight a never-ending battle, and they will continue to bring awareness to negative peer pressure.Show MoreRelatedGroup Mind869 Words   |  4 PagesThe Group Mind People change to the atmosphere. If you are with a friend you can watch how this attitude changes from when he is with you to when he is set in the group mind around other peers. You can also look at yourself. Humans act on their natural instincts and if you look at yourself and how you act when you are alone compared to how you act in the group mind setting, you will see that you almost dumb yourself down to a level that you think will help you fit in with your friends. If weRead More`` Group Minds `` By Doris Lessing881 Words   |  4 PagesDoris Lessing presents a discussion in â€Å"Group Minds† â€Å"regarding the context of obedience in group settings by shedding light on its most fundamental flaw, the â€Å"western image†. The western image is one of individualism, we are social creatures by nature.† â€Å"By socializing in groups we diminish the space for our individual growth by abiding by the ideologies of one group.† Lessing was a daughter of farmers born in Persia, present day Iran in the year 1919. Lessing’s educational journey started at aRead MoreThe Human Mind And Behavior As Individuals And Small Groups984 Words   |  4 PagesA. Unlike psychology which focuses on leaning the human mind and behavior as individuals and small groups, sociology is the course to study human social relations and the society itself. Sociology focuses on explaining societal behavior by studying how gender, race, social classes, religion, socioeconomic status, and sexuality can associate with the overall culture. Example of sociology, social stratification, sociology will lean about how social stratification is formed and how it divides the peopleRead MoreComparitive Critique of Doris Lessings article Group Minds and Solomon Aschs experiment.2130 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluences shape every persons practices, judgments, and beliefs. (Asch 306) In Opinions and Social Pressure, Solomon Asch examines how individuals tend to conform to a group or majority. He does this by explaining the results of his experiment that he devised to observe to what extent conformity occurs. In her essay titled Group Minds, Doris Lessing claims that as a society we have enough knowledge about conformity to do something about it, yet we choose not to. Although Doris Lessing and SolomonRead MoreVirtual Community Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagessharing activity. Facebook is one of many sites that lodges online community, and among many groups founded on Facebook, game group is one of most common ones. People who play the same game will gather together in the group for players who play the same game and share what they know, make guide, and discuss many things related to the game. When such group is created, this kind of group also naturally has their own style to identify themselves through their language. For exampleRead MoreWhy Groups Experience Conflict Within The Organization997 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s complex business environment managers and employees face many obstacles relating to working in groups on assigned projects in order to complete those projects that ultimately contribute to the bottom line, or enables the company to remain a competitive force within their assigned industry. There are many reasons as to why groups experience conflict but one business I want to highlight refers to conflict within the organizational structure. Organizational Structure According to RobbinsRead MoreCulture Is The Mind s Way Of Separating One Group Of People From Another ( Kawar )1087 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Culture can be defined into many definitions and it also can be separated into different types, all so that we can better understand it. Hofstede claimed that culture was the mind s way of separating one group of people from another (Kawar, 2012). Due to the technological advancements in the world people from all over are working together with new ways of communication. Though we must know the diversities of each culture in order to avoid being offensive, the same principles we useRead MoreThe Application of Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding in Elementary Math Instruction1440 Words   |  6 Pagesa teacher and learner not only focus on the skill but the social and cultural value of the skill which is imparted through praise and positive relationship building (Gordon and Browne,2004,P149). Additionally, students were seated in collaborative groups and conversation was not discouraged during the practice portion of each segment. This socialization allowed for formal and in formal support to be provided through peer interaction thus cultivating a stronger understanding of the concept though theirRead MoreHow My Leadership Project Went And The Pros And Cons Of Each Member Within My Group958 Words   |  4 Pageswill evaluate myself and the rest of my group on how overall our leadership project went and the pros and cons of each member within my group. The members of my group include myself, Michael Williams, Divya Reitz, Zack Benner, and Travis Geidroc. Reviewing and looking at how well each student worked individually will help show where things went wrong or went well throughout the planning of the leadership project. Not only will I evaluate each student in my group, but I also will review our full valueRead MoreNaomi1820 Words   |  8 PagesThis assessment opportunity is worth 20% of your final grade Collaborative Comic For this assignment, you are also welcome to create a short comic of your own. You may do this in a small group. Your comic should be in either black and white or in colour. Please consider the following for your group submission: âÅ"“ Your work is a minimum of two A4 pages (at the very least) if you are working manually. Your work must be saved as a PDF so that it can upload to SLATE, and be downloaded

Solar Cells theory Free Essays

The consumption of the products grew enormously and therefore it is not surprising that we characterise today society as a consumption society. Nevertheless, it has become evident at the end of the 20th century that the philosophy of human rogress that has manifested itself in a huge production and consumption of goods has a negative side too. It has been recognized that a massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to fulfil the present energy demands has a negative impact on the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Cells theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The deterioration of environment is a clear warning that the present realization of human progress has its limitations. The emerging international environmental consciousness was formulated in a concept of a sustainable human progress. The sustainable human progress is defined as: † to ensure that it sustainable development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†l . A new challenge has emerged at the end of the 20th century that represents a search for and a utilization of new and sustainable energy sources. The urge of this challenge is underlined by limited resources of the fossil fuels on the Earth and increasing demand for energy production. This is the reason why the attention is turning to the renewable energy sources. Energy is an essence of any human activity. When we are interested in how he human civilization has been producing and using energy, we can describe it in terms of an energy system. The main characteristics of the energy system are: the population, the total consumption of energy, and the sources and forms of energy that people use. The energy system at the beginning of the 21st century is characterised by six billion people that live on the Earth and the total energy consumption of approximately 1. 3 x 1010 kW. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press (1987). 1. 2 Primary energy sources Figure 1. 1 presents an overview of the present primary energy sources 2. The primary energy sources can be divided in two groups. The first group includes those energy sources that will be exhausted by exploiting them. These energy sources are called the depleting energy sources and they are the fossil fuels and nuclear energy. The fossil fuels and nuclear power are the main source of energy in todays energy system and they supply 78% of the energy demand. Under the assumption that the population of mankind does not change drastically and it consumes energy at the urrent level, the fossil fuel reserves will be exhausted within 320 years and the nuclear energy within 260 years. How to cite Solar Cells theory, Papers

The Crime-Terror Continuum

Question: Discuss about The Crime-Terror Continuum. Answer: Initial identification of the article: This review is done on the article titled The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism. The author of the article is Tamara Makarenko. The article was published in the journal named Global Crime, (Volume:6, Issue:1). It was published in February 2004. This particular article has made a discussion on the relationship between transnational organized crime and terrorism. A brief summary of the article: The author has dedicated this article to prove that terrorism and organized crime has a close nexus between them. The objective of the article can be described as exploring the potential relation and the possibility of convergence of the terrorists and the criminal organizations to be a singular entity. The article has discussed that this nexus is operating due to various motivational approaches. As opined by the author the nexus between the organized crime and terrorism The article has discussed that the theory of convergence and the popular black hole theory to discuss its central idea. As discussed by sociological theorists, the convergence theory talks about the potentiality of becoming one singular entity of two different societal entities because of their development and mutually mitigated necessitates. Here, in this context of organized crime and terrorism the author has mentioned that the convergence of the two groups is taking a shape that the ultimate aims and motivations of the organizations have actually changed. As described in the convergence theory, the author has provided a distinct identification. On the other hand, the author has also discussed the popular Black Hole Thesis for explaining the pattern and aspect of this convergence of these two distinctly directed groups. As clearly mentioned by various researchers, the black hole thesis describes two distinct but parallel situations[1]. One where the principal motivations of clusters involved in a civil war changes from a concentration on the political aspiration to the focus on criminal ambition; another, it talks about the emergence and development of a black hole state which is taken over by a group which is criminal cluster. Thus, the criminal groups which hold an ambition of significant political power is typically converging to the terrorist groups. With a number of examples of the criminal gangs and terrorist groups ranging from a diverse number of countries and sub-continents, the author has discussed that the terrorist groups are gradually changing the operational ambition due to the causes like, organizational management, contextual facility and global alteration in the economic as well as the technological aspect. A critical discussion: The author has described his central idea of a potential nexus and tendency of convergence between the terrorist and criminal group with the help of a number of real life examples of terrorist groups and the context of their emergence. With a very well structured way, the author has provided a few theoretical ideas that can be used to explain the essence of the article. Moreover, the author has made his point clear with help of an unambiguous lingual pattern. However, while critically defining the article it can be said that, it has tried to provide the idea that with the progress of time the two differently motivated groups are trying to come to a similar point with identical ambition. It has tried to set them in a same region of the fulcrum. However, as opined by the scholastic experts, the terrorist groups are mainly politically driven, whereas the organized crime group is typically characterized with the strong networking system[2]. The main ambition of the terrorist groups is to accumulate power where money is only a means to achieve it[3]. Most of the traditional studies have distinguished them two different entities. However, various scholars have stated, almost fifty years ago, an obvious dividing line was there between these two, which is continuously becoming blur[4]. As opined by the author of this article, the relation or the nexus between these two separate entities can be explained with the help of the Black Hole theory of terrorism. A number of scholastic articles can be found in support of this theory. The idea of entering the black whole is the weakening of a state and the loss of its sovereignty and lack of governmental collapse[5]. In such a context, the sate becomes the safe haven for the terrorist groups and organized criminals. The author himself, while discussing the alliance pattern of relation, has supported this very idea. As mentioned by the researchers in the related field with the collapsed state of government is becomes easier for the groups to co-ordinate and co-operate[6]. In addition to this, the empirical study report of the author has also described that the convergent theory can be discussed to identify the cause of the liaison between these two groups. It has provided the readers a clear idea for understanding the cause of the transition of the terrorist groups into the organized criminals. As supported by many authors in the modern world of capitalism and globalization, the criminal groups have concluded that to become economically powerful, it is crucial to hold the political authority[7]. On the other hand, as mentioned by various scholars with the advancement in the modern information technology, the terrorist groups have identified the importance of organized networks[8]. Various authors have supported this very idea. As described by them, the terrorist groups has been identified that an organized network helps largely to the successful implementation of their strategic planning. On the other hand, utilizing the modern information technology will also provide them organizational sustainability[9]. The idea provided by the author that the organized criminals have also found it crucial to be politically powerful to obtain a better management of their operation. In the articles of many scholars, the support of this idea can also be detected. With the explanation of the black hole theory, it can be said that the organized criminal groups and the terrorist organizations work hand in hand, when they find it easy to fulfil the mutual aspirations. Hence, it can be said that most of the scholastic articles have supported the idea of transitional hybridization of the terrorist and organizational criminal groups. The explanation of the two distinct socio-political theories has made this article strong enough to establish its points. Moreover, the empirical feature of the paper has made provided enough proof in support of the authors discussion. As mentioned previously, there were certain distinct differences in the outlook and operation of the terrorist and organized criminal groups. Traditional sociological researchers have mentioned it with great emphasis. However, as opined by the modern researchers they are typically converging for various reasons. A final evaluation: As opined by a number of researchers, with the recent turn of events, ranging from the collapse of the communism in Soviet Union to the recent dominance of Al-Qaida or ISIS, the two distinct organizations or organized crime and terrorists can be identified as a singular entity with identical ambitions[10]. This particular article can be described as a major contributor in the subject of criminology and the endeavour to explore the nature, status and pattern of the modern criminal world and terrorism. However, this particular article has discussed the pattern of terrorism under the light of the social theory of convergence and the Black Hole Theory. With these two theories, the author has made the cause of such transition and hybridization clear to the readers. A number of scholastic articles are supporting his discussion. Traditionally, the terrorist groups and the organized criminals were distinct in their identity. However, by reviewing a number of real life cases and scholastic li teratures it can be said that the future of terrorism is the hybrid transitional groups. References: Asongu, Simplice A., and Jacinta Nwachukwu. "Fighting terrorism: empirics on policy harmonization."African Governance and Development Institute WP/15/024(2015). Den Boer, Monica, and Irina Wiegand. "From Convergence to Deep Integration: Evaluating the Impact of EU Counter-Terrorism Strategies on Domestic Arenas."Intelligence and National Security30, no. 2-3 (2015): 377-401. Farah, Douglas.Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority. ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, 2012. Gallagher, Martin. "Modelling Entrepreneurial Endeavour in the Nexus between Terrorism and Organised Crime: Does Supporting Terrorism Present a Red Line in Organised Criminals Pursuit of Profit?."Exploring Criminal and Illegal Enterprise: New Perspectives on Research, Policy Practice (Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited5 (2015): 51-74. Kaya, Zeynep. "Building an Empire: Terrorism VS Organized Crime."International Relations3, no. 7 (2015): 448-458. Lizardo, Omar. "Defining and theorizing terrorism: A global actor-centered approach."Journal of World-Systems Research14, no. 2 (2015): 91-118. Martin, Gus.Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives, and issues. Sage Publications, 2015. Phillips, Matthew, and Emily Kamen. "Entering the black hole: The Taliban, terrorism, and organised crime."Journal of Terrorism Research5, no. 3 (2014). Rollins, John, and Liana Sun Wyler. "Terrorism and transnational crime: Foreign policy issues for Congress."Congressional Research Service19, no. 2 (2012). Sergi, Anna. "Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies: Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks."European Journal of Criminology(2015): 1477370815578196.