Perfectionism Common in Those With Eating Disorders

Perfectionism Common in Those With Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Perfectionism in Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 01, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 29, 2019 Peter Dazely/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Perfectionismâ€"the tendency to hold unrealistically high standardsâ€"has been implicated in the development of and maintenance of eating disorders. Clinical perfectionism is a primary target of intervention in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E), the leading treatment for adults with eating disorders. Studies have shown that patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have higher levels of perfectionism than control subjects. Perfectionism has been less studied  but also identified in patients with binge eating disorder. According to Bardone-Cone and colleagues (2010), “perfectionism appears to play a role in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of eating disorders” (p. 139). This article will define perfectionism, describe its relationship to eating disorders, and discuss treatment strategies. What Is Perfectionism? Perfectionism is a complex personality characteristic with no universally accepted definition. It is sometimes viewed as a personality trait or symptom. It can also be understood as a process. Perfectionism can have positive and negative aspects. Having high standards can be an asset and in many cases, it can be helpful in attaining goals. However, perfectionism also exacts a cost and in the wrong situations, too much of it can be an impediment. The perfectionism associated with psychological problems is problematic and has been referred to as clinical (or dysfunctional) perfectionism. Clinical perfectionism has three aspects: The continuous expectation that you or others meet high standards that, given the circumstances, other people consider extreme or unreasonable.Judging your self-worth largely on your ability to strive for and achieve these unrelenting high standards.Continuing to aim for these standards despite consistently negative consequences. People can exhibit perfectionism in certain domains of their lives and not in others. For example, some people are perfectionistic regarding school or work, but not around their homes. Others may be perfectionistic around their appearance, but not about their school or work performance. Specific domains of perfectionism that have been identified in the literature include: Performance at work or schoolClose relationshipsLeisure and athleticsNeatness and aestheticsOrganization and orderingWritingSpeakingPhysical appearanceHealth and personal cleanliness People with perfectionism engage in certain behaviors that maintain their perfectionistic beliefs. Perfectionistic behaviors include both things you might do and things you might avoid doing. Behaviors that perfectionists might do include: Excessive checkingExcessive organizingListmakingCorrecting others In addition, many people with perfectionism avoid doing certain things out of fear that they will not be able to meet their own standards. Examples of avoidance behaviors include: Giving up too soonIndecisivenessAvoiding tasksFailure to delegateProcrastination Many people with clinical perfectionism find that it negatively affects their social relationships, mental health, and/or physical health.   Perfectionism’s Relationship to Eating Disorders Perfectionism and eating disorders seem to be correlated, but the causality is not clearâ€"we don’t know if one leads to the other or which comes first. Some research indicates that people with eating disorders and perfectionism often displayed perfectionistic traits before their eating disorders began. Some research studies showed that perfectionistic traits persisted in individuals with eating disorders even after recovery. However, Bardone-Cone and colleagues found that when a more stringent definition of eating disorder recovery was used, perfectionistic symptoms were reduced to levels similar to those found in patients without eating disorders. These researchers write, “From this perspective, interventions and/or experiences that help decrease perfectionism may be key to making full recovery attainable. However, it could also be that the temporal ordering is reversed, with attaining full eating disorder recovery (with eating disorder symptomatology at levels comparable to those with no history of an eating disorder) being what permitted the relaxation of perfectionistic standards and attitudes.” Clinical perfectionism is described as one of four key factors that maintain eating disorders, according to Fairburn, the author of CBT-E. Research shows perfectionism is related to poorer prognosis after admission for anorexia nervosa and with higher treatment drop-out. Treatment If relaxation of perfectionism is associated with a  more complete eating disorder recovery, it deserves attention during treatment. Most of the research on the treatment of perfectionism has focused on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches. CBT treatment for perfectionism has been found to be successful in reducing perfectionism among both patient and nonpatient populations. It has also has been shown to reduce eating disorder symptoms as well as symptoms of other disorders including depression and anxiety. CBT treatment for perfectionism involves challenging perfectionistic thoughts such as all-or-nothing thinking and “should” statements. It involves identifying overgeneralizations and double standards. Patients also learn to test perfectionistic beliefs through the use of behavioral experiments. For example, a patient who believes he would be too ashamed to ever have a friend over unless his apartment is totally and thoroughly cleaned up could test having a friend over when things are left out of place. A client could test the belief that she must always be productive by scheduling time to sit in the park and people-watch. Having a problem with perfectionism is similar to having a “phobia” of being imperfectâ€"you are terrified of making mistakes. Treatment for this condition therefore also involves repeated exposure to situations in which you are unlikely to perform perfectly. Examples of exposure activities could include: Arriving late for an appointmentSending out an email that includes a spelling or grammatical errorSpeaking in a meeting and losing your train of thoughtAsking for help in a storeGiving incorrect change when paying for something Over time, with repeated exposure, patients learn that it is safe to relax their standards and that nothing terrible happens when they do. The goal is to develop more healthy and balanced standards. Will Treatment Help? Given the link between perfectionism and eating disorders, it might help to recognize and address perfectionism in you or a loved one. The following are questions suggested by one of the leading experts on perfectionism (Antony 2015) to assess whether one might need help for perfectionism: Are your standards higher than those of other people?Are you able to meet your standards? Do you get overly upset if you don’t meet your own standards?Are other people able to meet your standards? Do you get overly upset if others don’t meet your standards?Do your standards help you to achieve your goals or do they get in the way (e.g., by making you overly disappointed or angry when your standards are not met; by making you get less work done, etc.)?What would be the costs of relaxing a particular standard or ignoring a rule that you have?What would be the benefits of relaxing a specific standard or ignoring a rule that you have? In Summary If you or a loved one with an eating disorder display symptoms of perfectionism, you might want to seek help for these symptoms in addition to seeking treatment for the eating disorder. Successful CBT self-help programs for perfectionism include the book When Perfect Isn’t Good Enough and Perfectionism in Perspective, a free online downloadable workbook.

Essay Example on Cultural Theory

Essay Example on Cultural Theory Question 1 This argument is rather pedestrian, especially considering that the modern society is based on co-existence. Taking the United States as an example, multi-cultural societies are inevitable in the contemporary world, where globalization is the force behind the destiny of the human race. Race should not be the determining factor as far as what one will do is concerned. On the contrary, all races should be treated equally with such doctrines as the equal employment opportunity being the guiding principles. The origins of this person’s logic could be the basic reasoning of a person in a society with class conflict, with its people divided along the lines of race. Worth mentioning is the actuality that there is faulty logic. Faulty logic is a common phenomenon, especially where the person forwarding an argument does so subjectively, without making considerations regarding what the objective truth ought to be. For instance, putting more money into police enforcement is less likely t o be the solution to broad social problems rooted in culture. Question 2 The dialogue between the processes of production and the activities of consumption is clearly visible in a number of social explanations. Economists as well as social scientists explain the connection through different theories and concepts. Economists explain the way demand influences supply. Apparently, the demand side of the equation is defined by the consumption process. Since such demand shapes supply, it implies that the consumption activities affect the production process so as to match the quality and features desired by the consumption activities. Speaking of such processes, Disney is one of the companies that can be used in illustrating the theory. Being in the media industry, an industry prominently cited by Marx, Disney’s production is shaped by the consumption culture that has been created in and by the viewers. While the consumers do not have the power to directly alter the processes, they indirectly have significant influence. A consumer can disarticulate this b y understanding that the producers such as the media are the stakeholders that set the pace by eliminating some features and content, hence limiting the choices availed to the consumer. For instance, through media ethics, the industry determines that which is suitable for viewing. Question 3 In her article titled Nurturing Brand Loyalty, Meyer conveys very important lessons on the consumption production cycle. Opening with the Ford Motors Co. marketing efforts, Meyer notes that the production consumption cycle is based on customer loyalty, a concept that companies have sought to nurture in children at the tender pre-school age. In my view, the article tends to suggest that the production-consumption cycle is based on purely psychological phenomenon. The psychology in this article is seen in the presumption that children will grow up knowing that the brand they are exposed to as kids is the best brand. The article is substantially strong, especially considering that it draws from the studies carried out by the author, and the direct quotes employed to add realism to the discussion. The psychological aspect of the production consumption cycle is explained by the quote, they have more market potential than the older kids they have all their purchases and influence on paren tal purchases ahead of them.† My initial reaction to the information in the article is considerably comparable to that of Psychologist Susan Linn, who thinks that the advertisements directed at pre-school children are not ethically justifiable because such kids’ free will is curtailed by the fact that, at such a vulnerable age, they believe in what they see. As such, they may end up consuming things that they could not, otherwise, have consumed in the absence of such interference. If I were to teach young people on how to identify such practices, I would adopt different approaches; first I would ask them to question the sustainable intention of the information. For instance, it is clear that the long term goal of the Ford efforts is to have the children grow up knowing that Ford is the brand of choice in the automobile industry. Question 4 Perhaps the most notable simulacra I have encountered are the creatures in the horror movies. Apparently, the creatures, usually zombies and vampires are not real; perhaps no such things exist in the real world, even. What actually happens is the distortion of the faces and bodies of human beings to bring out a scary picture that will attain the essence of the movie – horror. While these creatures are certainly not real, they engage my senses so deeply that I actually get terrified by what I see. While it may not make sense that such agency can affect a reasonable human being, the representation acts as the real thing, and forces us to associate what we see with reality. Another simulacrum I have encountered in life is the use of statues. I have come across statues of prominent personalities from history. While I have certainly never met the real people in person, getting close enough to such statues gives me a feeling that I have actually met the people. Question 5 While vertical thinking creates the ideal employee, lateral thinkers are the most effective innovators as they come up with new ways of doing things, by trying to be as open minded as possible. The differences between the vertical and horizontal thinking are rooted in the fact that the vertical thinkers always tend to follow rules and structures, hence, will always get the task done to expectations. Vertical thinkers are likeable students. Lateral thinking refers to a tactic of solving problems that gets the thinker looking outside the box, and seeking to come up with new ways. Lateral thinkers make many mistakes, and ask many questions in class. Such thinkers are not likeable students. For agency purposes, vertical thinkers are the most preferable as they tend to execute the instruction of the principal to the letter. Question 6 According to Hall, there is a close connection between doing cultural work and studying theories related to such work. This, according to Hall means that the dynamic nature of culture extends to the intellectual endeavors of the institutions that have been put in place to address all changes and developments in social science. For this reasons, Hall thinks that we cannot shy away from cultural theory. This way, we must get directly implicated. Question 7 The public service announcements were based on the negative aspects of tobacco and were designed to discourage the smoking of cigarettes. Apparently, the PSA was not adequately effective because it was vague. Saying that tobacco has different implications or effects on the body of the consumer are rather vague as the implication is that there could be some positive aspects. Perhaps the main reason why the PSA did not work as per the expectations is because the PSA was alongside the advertisement message that brought out the brand as a positive product. The researchers expected it to work because they linked the PSA with the horrible effects revealed by studies. Question 8 PSA are problematic because, despite their effectiveness, they have serious negative implications. Foremost, they derail the economy by discouraging the consumption of products that are no doubt the most notable contributors to the country’s tax base. Secondly, such PSA’s are problematic because they bear exaggerated information, and are not particular. Perhaps the most important thing to mention is the actuality that not all people get cancer from smoking, it therefore follows that the PSA have psychological adversities on the people using them. Additionally, PSA may not work if not accompanied by significant policy and such measures as higher taxation. Question 9 Typically, the capital will control the districts because, in actual fact, the capital and the districts are interdependent. As a matter of fact, the capital is associated with higher degree efficiency. For such efficiency to be attained, the districts must have an input to contribute to the capital. This way, the needs of the capital modify the activities of the districts hence controlling it. Signs are deployed as a symbol of control because they influence the mindset of the people in such a way that everybody with access to the sign will consider the sign to be some form of social control structures which are almost rules. The people from the districts are normalized by getting subjected to specific structures which are in line with vertical thinking. As such, their conducts are limited. The capital people are different from the people from the districts because the capital people are more of vertical thinkers because they are made to live by the structures put in place to boost e fficiency and coexistence. On the contrary, the district people are no controlled by the signs. Katniss subvert the order of the games through coming up with structural changes that limit lateral thinking. Such strict changes are related to the tactics and strategies as explained by Certeau’s tactics and strategies. Question 10 Born in 1960, I was brought up in the United States of America where I have schooled and developed in many aspects. In this short biography, I must mention that I am an African American who has seen the society go through changes over time. I have gained a deep understanding of various concepts in the socio-cultural spectrum. Notably, I must mention that I had a big picture that makes a lot of sense in today’s society and culture. I did foresee that drugs will become a primary menace in the society. Unfortunately for our country, this has become a reality. I experienced the Brain on Drugs campaign in 1987. The effectiveness it attained was good, but not enough to eliminate drugs. Today, my foresight makes a lot of sense. Question 11 While I may have o anecdote to share on Wahab’s crisis, it is critical to mention that it is no doubt one of the most notable concepts in cultural theory. Wahab’s crisis revolves around the fact that some identities are not distinctly distinguishable doe to certain overlaps that may occur. Wahab’s crisis can best be portrayed by the race issues in today’s multicultural society, where the definition of race takes different dimensions. Wahab’s crisis also happens when it comes to determining the native language of a child that is born in a society that is natively English but is biologically Asian, for instance.

The Cartel A Powerful Drug Trafficking Organization

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Ten Reasons to Outsource Digital Marketing to a Third Party

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The Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th...

Dani Roz May 5, 2015 There have been many great artists and inventors during the 15th and 16th century, but none of them are not as great or as known as Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of his ideas and test some of the out. Some of these inventions play a big part of life today; these inventions include the airplane, helicopter, scuba gear, machine gun and plans for the military. Leonardo Da Vinci was an amazing artist, writer, mathematician and inventor who created things well before his time. (History.com) Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy. His father Ser Petro and his stepmother raised Da Vinci because his birth mother was a peasant. 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How the Hashatg trend changes TV Free Essays

The coffee machine In the office used to be the place where people gathered to talk about the TV shows they had watched the night before. Nowadays watching television Isn’t Just about enjoying your favorite program on the sofa. 95% of the public social conversation around Film and Television happens on Twitter and other social networks. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Hashatg trend changes TV or any similar topic only for you Order Now People exchange with other fans and viewers, share their opinions and engage with each other via Twitter, Mainstream, Faceable and co. Studies have shown that especially the younger audience watches television with two eyes on the screen and a third on the smartened or computer. This â€Å"second-screen-trend† has started a new movement of advertising, targeting specifically this younger audiences and open up a whole new market of advertising on Television. Many brands have already connected their Twitter accounts with TV advertising, using washrags. This leads us to the question: How does the washrag-trend change marketing and advertising In the TV and Media landscape? In this essay I will discuss the use of washrags as a marketing tool In the film and television Industry and how this new trend might Impact on my future career goals as a writer In the television Industry. One might catch himself asking, â€Å"What an earth is a washrag? â€Å". The washrag symbol (#) is mainly found on social networks like Twitter, Mainstream and Pinsetters and quite recently Faceable joined the circle of washrag users. A washrag symbol is used to unite specific tweets, photos, posts etc. About particular topics. It’s a way of organizing or grouping those posts. Washrags can help users on Twitter and Mainstream to find topics that are similar to their own posts or interests. However, the Washrag is also a very economical but effective marketing tool. The marketers of big rims and companies can track the washrag routine of social network users undo create trends to boost their own companies. The washrag makes it possible for them to research popular trends on Twitter and how many messages were sent regarding a specific washrag wealth a particular time frame. It can also be used to boost your visibility on social networks. If enough Individuals promote a washrag It will â€Å"trend† and attract more social network users. Ever since 2010 the most popular washrags at any given moment have been displayed on the front page of Twitter as â€Å"Trending Topics†. Simply put, washrags are a great way to organize Tweets, posts and photos but it is also very beneficial way of advertising a company, show or new products. Furthermore, television networks have been quick to notice the power of the washrag by displaying it in the bottom corner of the screen during a show or putting it in the end of a commercial. These types of washrags are called â€Å"branded washrags† as opposed to â€Å"organic washrags† which are started by fans or non – professional twitter users. Branded washrags can, for instance, serve as a tool of creating hype around an upcoming episode of a TV show, event or film and stir up a conversation between fans. Then, the washrag Is usually the name of the program or the topic that Is discussed. It seems as if the washrag had been around forever, however Twitter joined the clan quite recently in 2013. But even though the Washrag is a fairly new trend it has already completely changed the way TV shows and Films are advertised. Only a couple of years ago, a new show or a new movie would be mainly promoted by the star of the film, by attending red carpet events or making an appearance on a popular talk show to spread the word about their newest movie. Professionally made posters and trailers could be seen on television or your local bus stop. Whilst those techniques are still used, the posters or the trailers would now feature a little washrag symbol in the corner. Of course, a famous actor can still promote a new movie, but generally speaking, the marketing nowadays happens on Twitter and social networks, where fans are spreading the word of a new film or TV show by using the washrag. This has opened up a way to connect Television and social media and overall, the way of advertising has become much more interactive, meaning the audience plays a key role in the process. This is clearly visible in interactive shows, such as talk shows, live sport events or big gala events like the Golden globes or the Academy Awards. Here, the washrag is not only an active way of engaging the viewers but also a possibility to ask questions and get in touch with the makers or stars of the show. Some shows, such as â€Å"Project Runway’, even give each contestant their own washrag for voting purposes. Likewise, the BBC family drama â€Å"Pretty Little Liars† gives a good example of the interactive usage of washrags between fans and the cast and rioters of the show. This might be partly due to the young age of the target audience, who are in their teens and mostly communicate with their friends via Faceable and Twitter. The series revolves around the mystery of a girl’s disappearance and when asked, the series creator / show runner l. Marlene King hints at future story developments based on which the audience can attempt to solve the mystery. These are Just some of many shows that are successfully using the washrag for marketing purposes. For professionals working in marketing this means, in order to built a brand they will eve to create a campaign specific washrag in order to attract people on twitter to talk about their product, raise awareness and engage the target audience, as well as following current washrag trends in order to make their content relevant to trending topics. While the star of the show or film still plays an important role in the promotion process, the real marketing happens through the fans and social network users. The physical advertisement, such as posters has to big parts been replaced with the much more economical and at least as efficient advertisement through social networks, using washrags. This means the target audience who is spreading the word of a new show, movie or product all over the World Wide Web, became a key role in modern advertising. Therefore, the audience becomes more and more influential and even manages to reach out to big production companies and media groups. A good example for how powerful the audience’s impact really is, is the NBC show â€Å"Community’ which has been facing a constant threat of cancellation. In an attempt to safe the show, the show runners inserted the washrag † #Accommodativeness † at the end of the season three finale and started a campaign to safe the show. The fans picked up the washrag quickly and as NBC noticed the trending washrag and how much attention the show had been given, influential the users of social networks are if it comes to marketing, but also that washrags can be a inexpensive or even free marketing tool. This leads me to my next point. How much does the washrag trend and the second – screen – trend influences me as an independent filmmaker and writer and how can I use the trend to my advantage? As an independent filmmaker it would be hard to run a professionally organized campaign in order to promote a new project, since there is usually no budget for advertising placements on television, posters or even professionally designed campaigns. For me, social media represents a free or affordable alternative to promote my projects. The washrag is a no budget film- marketing tool that can boost my appearance on the Internet. The more creative the washrag, the more successful the self-initiated campaign can be. Many â€Å"No Names† on Twitter have more followers than some celebrities. This proves that social media platforms such as Twitter are a great way to market your brand, film or product. Furthermore, from a writer’s point of view, who would ideally like to work in television, it is always useful to keep an eye on marketing trends while writing an episode. This way, the writer can already think of â€Å"washables puns† in the show or tastiness that could be used for washrag advertising, such as #Accommodativeness in Community, or even specifically create washrags for fans to interact in the Twitter community, much like in the example of Pretty Little Liars. However, all good things aside, the washrag trend also has its downside and using a washrag campaign for promotion purposes can potentially be a risky business. While it is fairly safe to say that a successful washrag campaign has the potential to raise awareness and increase online conversations, it can certainly be hard to predict the outcome. Once the washrag is out there, the marketers have no control over it and the development that the campaign might take is completely in the hands of the social media users. Some brands had to learn this lesson the hard way. When McDonald’s introduced their washrag campaign â€Å"#Mysteries† in 2008, the campaign quickly developed a life of it’s own and the designed washrag was used by Twitter users to tell their negative stories about the fast food chain. My personal favorite example of â€Å"how washrags can go wrong† is the â€Å"#Undersecretaries† washrag campaign which was created to mourn the death of Margaret Thatcher. Instead of reading the washrag â€Å"Undersecretaries† users read it as â€Å"#Undersecretaries† and as result accidentally mourned for the wrong lady. Status updates such as † R. L. P Cheer. At least now we’ll find out about life after love. #Undersecretaries † amused the online community for days, but had very little to do with the actual events. In conclusion it can be said, that the development of the washrag trend within the sat seven years of its first appearance on twitter, clearly demonstrates the importance of collaboration between social networks and the television and film industry in order to successfully market a new film or TV show. The washrag trend has completely transformed the way of advertising in the TV and media landscape and given the audience a much bigger role in the advertising process. Moreover, it gives small companies or independent artists like me an opportunity to market themselves and create an online appearance to raise awareness to their films or handled carefully. In other words, marketers need to think about how washrags can be in cooperated into their media campaigns without losing the control over the narrative. 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